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Redundancy Payments Act\uff09\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f01\u4e1a\u91cd\u7ec4\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a0\u901f\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4ece\u8870\u9000\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002[11]<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u53ca\u89e3\u96c7\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u548c\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u7b49\u4e34\u65f6\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u6700\u957f\u671f\u9650\u3001\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6b21\u6570\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u4e34\u65f6\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7b49\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57281982\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e3b\u52a8\u7ec8\u6b62\u96c7\u4f63\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\u662f\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u9886\u57df\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u3002\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5728\u8be5\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1.\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52a1\u800c\u7b7e\u7f72\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u5b9e\u4e60\u671f\u6216\u8bd5\u7528\u671f\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u77ed\u671f\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3002[12]\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u5c31\u4e1a\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u6761\u6b3e\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7b7e\u8ba2\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u4e8b\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff09\u7684\u9002\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u7406\u7531<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f53\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u9664\u975e\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u89e3\u96c7\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u6216\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u673a\u6784\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8fd0\u8f6c\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5173\u201d\u3002[13]\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u662f\u5404\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0e\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u96c7\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u5747\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u4e3b\u89e3\u96c7\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u3002\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u4e00\u822c\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u5373\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6280\u672f\u6216\u7ecf\u8425\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5c31\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7b49\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u9075\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5224\u4f8b\u7ec6\u5316\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u89e3\u96c7\u7406\u7531\uff1b\u800c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u56fd\u5219\u91c7\u53d6\u5217\u4e3e\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u300a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u7981\u6b62\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5de5\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u5de5\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u7406\u7531\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u6000\u5b55\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u89c1\u89e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Studies\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u6301\u7eed\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7b49\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e25\u683c\u3002[21]\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u601d\u8def\u662f\u653e\u677e\u7ba1\u5236\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u57fa\u672c\u672a\u89e6\u53ca\u5bf9\u7b7e\u8ba2\u65e0\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9650\u5236\u6216\u7f29\u5c0f\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7b7e\u8ba2\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u4ee5\u53ca\u517c\u804c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff09\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u653e\u677e\u4e86\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002[22]\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u6ce2\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6d6a\u6f6e\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e0d\u518d\u9488\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u7b7e\u8ba2\u65e0\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u529b\u5ea6\u3002[23]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\uff0c\u632f\u5174\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9a6c\u514b\u9f99\u4e0a\u4efb\u540e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u96c7\u4f63\u4e0e\u89e3\u96c7\u6807\u51c6\u3002[24]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5949\u884c\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u91c7\u7eb3\u8fc7\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u89e3\u96c7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5224\u4f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u7981\u6b62\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u8499\u5927\u62ff\u5dde\u751a\u81f3\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u300a\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u89e3\u96c7\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Montana Wrongful Discharge 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theory\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u89e3\u96c7\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u65b0\u62db\u8058\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5927\u91cf\u52b3\u5de5\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c[48]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8c28\u614e\u8003\u8651\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u53d6\u4ee3\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\u7531\u6b64\u6bd4\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u4eab\u53d7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u5e76\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u6743\u529b\u3002\u63d0\u9ad8\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u6743\u529b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u501f\u6b64\u63a8\u52a8\u5de5\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3002[49]<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u6307\u6807\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u5411\u4e0e\u8d1f\u5411\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5904\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u8bc1\u95ee\u9898\u3002[50]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u501f\u52a9\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c[51]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f4\u523080\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u624d\u5f15\u8d77\u66f4\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u6bd4\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5f97\u5230\u9006\u8f6c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u5f88\u96be\u521b\u9020\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u4e14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6076\u5316\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b49\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u6210\u4e3a\u963b\u788d\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002[52]\u62c9\u6cfd\u5c14\u57281990\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6761\u6b3e\u4e0e\u5c31\u4e1a\u300b\u5f00\u62d3\u6027\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u89e3\u96c7\u8865\u52a9\u53ca\u63d0\u524d\u901a\u77e5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u3002[53]\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u529b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u5de5\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7b49\u6307\u6807\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u6a2a\u5411\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\uff09\u548c\u7eb5\u5411\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5bf9\u4e00\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u524d\u540e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff09\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u4e14\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u79cd\u6307\u6570\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u5404\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u8861\u91cf\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5404\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6307\u6807\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7eb5\u5411\u6bd4\u8f83\u81ea2000\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u7e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model\uff09\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5404\u9879\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5206\u6790\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u7b49\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u6307\u6807\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u63a2\u7a76\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u8d77\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u6a2a\u5411\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u662f\u7eb5\u5411\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5dee\u5f02\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u5e94\u4ece\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u5747\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u5e94\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u81f4\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u3002\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u63d0\u51fa\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6216\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5176\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6216\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u65e0\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u62c9\u6cfd\u5c14\u5bf922\u4e2a\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb61956\u20141984\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c[54]\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u63d0\u524d\u901a\u77e5\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8865\u507f\u91d1\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u7387\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\uff09\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002[55]\u5728\u62c9\u6cfd\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65af\u5361\u5c14\u4f69\u5854\u3001[56]\u4f9d\u5217\u59c6\u65af\u79d1\u592b\u7b49[57]\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5747\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\u4f1a\u589e\u591a\uff1b\u5c3c\u514b\u5c14[58]\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u83b1\u4e9a\u5fb7[59]\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u6ce2\u7279\u7f57\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf985\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb61991\u20142000\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u52b3\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u7387\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff0c[60]\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u5404\u56fd\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u7387\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8fd0\u7528\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u6765\u5206\u6790\uff09\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u56fd\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u62c9\u6cfd\u5c14\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\uff0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Employment Outlook\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u6216\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5e76\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\uff0c[63]\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8ba4\u3002[64]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5df4\u8428\u5c3c\u5c3c\u4e0e\u675c\u74e6\u5c14\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u4e0e\u5426\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\uff1b[65]\u5df4\u5361\u6d1b\u4e0e\u96f7\u4f0a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002[66]\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5c31\u4e1a\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u963f\u9a6c\u5e03\u52d2\u7b49\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5bf9\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5219\u65e0\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b[67]\u6bd5\u7f57\u7279\u7b49\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf917\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fd\u5bb61960\u20141999\u5e74\u95f4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002[68]<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6570\u636e\uff08aggregate data\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff0c2000\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u9762\u677f\u6570\u636e\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4f5c\u51fa\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u4ecd\u672a\u80fd\u786e\u8ba4\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6216\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5965\u7279\u5c14\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8f83\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u4f8b\u5916\u539f\u5219\u201d[69]\u5bf9\u5404\u5dde\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u4e9b\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u201c\u9ed8\u793a\u5408\u540c\uff08implicit contract\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u4f8b\u5916\u539f\u5219\u201d\u7684\u5dde\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u53d7\u5230\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5927\u4f46\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u663e\u8457\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u79cd\u4f8b\u5916\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4f8b\u5916\uff08public policy exception\uff09\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5584\u610f\u5408\u540c\uff08covenant of good faith exception\uff09\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[70]\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8d1d\u65af\u5229\u548c\u4f2f\u5409\u65af\u9488\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea61958\u20141992\u5e74\u95f4\u4e0d\u540c\u90a6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u964d\u3002[71]\u8d6b\u514b\u66fc\u548c\u5e15\u683c\u65af\u57282004\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u8005\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e0e\u52a0\u52d2\u6bd4\u6d77\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c[72]\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5f97\u51fa\u5e76\u65e0\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002[73]<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u8ba4\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u603b\u4f53\u5c31\u4e1a\u6216\u5931\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002[74]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5df4\u8428\u5c3c\u5c3c\u4e0e\u675c\u74e6\u5c14\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\uff1b[75]\u800c\u8d6b\u514b\u66fc\u4e0e\u5e15\u683c\u65af\u585e\u62c9\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f8320\u4e2a\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca16\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5c06\u8fd110%\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u7387\u3002[76]<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6211\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f20\u4e94\u5e38\u4f5c\u51fa\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u300b\u4f1a\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\uff0c[77]\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u5f97\u51fa\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u5927\u91cf\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u9020\u6210\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u6837\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5c3c\u514b\u5c14\u4e0e\u83b1\u4e9a\u5fb7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u3002[78]\u8fea\u80af\u548c\u8428\u5361\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u52302000\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u56db\u56fd\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u7f8e\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u4e09\u56fd\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5448\u73b0\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002[79]\u5df4\u8428\u5c3c\u5c3c\u7b49\u4eba\u9488\u5bf91982\u20142003\u5e74\u95f4\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\u90a3\u4e9b\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5168\u8981\u7d20\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff08total factor productivity\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u589e\u957f\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u6548\u5e94\u3002[80]\u65af\u5361\u5c14\u4f69\u5854\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u5728\u884c\u4e1a\u5c42\u9762\u5f00\u5c55\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c24\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002[81]<\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e5f\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6bd5\u7f57\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5448\u9a7c\u5cf0U\u578b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c[82]\u5373\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5f53\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u63d0\u9ad8\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u5219\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u672a\u5f97\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u884c\u5de5\u8d44\u96c6\u4f53\u534f\u5546\u673a\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[83]<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5916\u5546\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8d3e\u6c83\u91cc\u514b\u7b49\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u5916\u5546\u6295\u8d44\uff1b[84]\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5916\u5546\u6295\u8d44\u5e76\u65e0\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6210\u672c\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9e\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3002[85]<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6574\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u5c31\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5916\u5546\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5c40\u9650<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u8bf8\u591a\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u6548\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08leximetric method\uff09[86]\u5c06\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u518d\u8fd0\u7528\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u6765\u63a2\u7a76\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6307\u6807\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u91cf\u5316\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4fbf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6db5\u76d6\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u201c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff08EPL Index\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u8861\u91cf\u5404\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002[87]\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u57282004\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff08Employing Workers Index\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5305\u542b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u591a\u7684\u201c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff08EPLex\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6307\u6570\u81ea\u53d1\u5e03\u4ee5\u6765\u4fbf\u88ab\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u91cf\u5316\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u8861\u91cf\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u81ea1994\u5e74\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4fbf\u4e0d\u65ad\u6307\u51fa\u73b0\u6709\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u5047\u8bbe\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u56fd\u5bb6A\u6709\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f46\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u5c0f\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6B\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u677e\u4f46\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4ec5\u5206\u6790\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u51faA\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6bd4B\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u671f\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u65f6\u52a0\u5165\u5bf9\u5176\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002[88]<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u4ec5\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u672a\u8003\u8651\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5728\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6700\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u4fdd\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002[89]\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5f88\u65e9\u4fbf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u65bd\u72b6\u51b5\u7eb3\u5165\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002[90]\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\uff0c\u5728\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u53ca\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u65bd\u72b6\u51b5\u5747\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u65bd\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u65bd\u72b6\u51b5\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u4eba\u4e3a\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u5224\u65ad\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5404\u7c7b\u6307\u6570\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u5b89\u6392\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7f16\u7801\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b89\u6392\u7684\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u786e\u5b9a\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u6807\u51c6\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u91cf\u5316\u6807\u51c6\u5bf9\u67d0\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u503c\u5206\u914d\uff1b\u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u503c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u6743\u91cd\u76f8\u52a0\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u4f53\u6570\u503c\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002[91]\u8fd1\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f16\u7801\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5f17\u8d56\u6069\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u8fd0\u7528\u8981\u7d20\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08factor analysis\uff09\u8003\u5bdf\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f16\u7801\u5b89\u6392\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c[92]\u8fd9\u4e00\u6307\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u542b\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u968f\u540e\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u5c06\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u5206\u522b\u4e0e\u5404\u76f8\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6307\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u3002[93]<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u79cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u5404\u81ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u4ece\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6536\u56de\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u81ea2013\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec72013\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c55\u671b\u300b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6307\u6570\u4ec5\u6709\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c[94]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f16\u7801\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u6700\u540e\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u6f5c\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[95]\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6307\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u636e\u5176\u8bc6\u522b\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6307\u6570\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u5404\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u673a\u6784\u53d1\u653e\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u6307\u6570\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u53d1\u653e\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8f83\u4e3a\u6a21\u7cca\uff1b\u88ab\u8c03\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u865a\u62df\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u521a\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9020\u6210\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\uff1b\u865a\u62df\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u60c5\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u7b49\u3002[96]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d28\u7591\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u81ea2011\u5e74\u8d77\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u8be5\u6307\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u8df5<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f9d\u636e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u4ea7\u751f\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u5021\u5bfc\u6216\u91c7\u7eb3\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u653e\u677e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[97]<\/p>\n<p>\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u6e90\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u63a2\u7a76\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u6301\u7eed\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u6bd4\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u523080\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u51fa\u73b0\u9006\u8f6c\u3002[98]\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u5c31\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002[99]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e9\u671f\u4ec5\u6709\u62c9\u9f50\u5c14\u7b49\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c[100]\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57281994\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Jobs Study\uff09\u4e2d\u4ecd\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u6301\u7eed\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u89c4\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e25\u683c\u5bfc\u81f4\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f39\u6027\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c[101]\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u5404\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u91c7\u53d6\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u653e\u677e\u5bf9\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u9650\u5236\u2026\u2026\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u201d\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u653e\u677e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u3002[102]\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7eb3\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u3002\u622a\u81f31997\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5bf9\u975e\u4e34\u65f6\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u745e\u5178\u5f00\u59cb\u5141\u8bb8\u96c7\u4e3b\u4f7f\u7528\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u5219\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u671f\u9650\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u3002[103]<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec71994\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u53d1\u5e03\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u8fc5\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u57282004\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u8425\u5546\u73af\u5883\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Doing Business\uff09\u4e2d\u53d1\u5e03\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff08Employing Workers Index\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u5bf9\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[104]\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u56e0\u6b64\u5efa\u8bae\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u8f6c\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fee\u8ba2\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u62a5\u544a\u5bf9\u5176\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ea7\u751f\u8f83\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a8\u52a8\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u8fd8\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u73bb\u5229\u7ef4\u4e9a\u3001\u5384\u74dc\u591a\u5c14\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u89e3\u96c7\u6210\u672c\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5b83\u4eec\u964d\u4f4e\u89e3\u96c7\u6210\u672c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[105]\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f15\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u300a\u8425\u5546\u73af\u5883\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u6566\u4fc3\u90a3\u4e9b\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u53d6\u964d\u4f4e\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u7b49\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002[106]\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd8\u5bf9\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u5357\u975e\u7b49\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\u3002[107]<\/p>\n<p>\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u770b\u4f3c\u5df2\u88ab\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5404\u56fd\u5236\u5b9a\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u8fd1\u671f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9117\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u964d\u4f4e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6539\u9769\u53ea\u662f\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u529b\u5ea6\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u3002[108]\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u57fa\u7840\u5747\u4e0d\u7262\u56fa\u3002\u4ec5\u4ece\u5173\u4e8e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u770b\uff0c[109]\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u652f\u6301\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6574\u4f53\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u4e4b\u95f4\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u8054\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u81ea\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u6765\u4fbf\u53d7\u5230\u591a\u65b9\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u6307\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u53ca\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u52b3\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u9010\u6b65\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u3002[110]\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u52b3\u5de5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u81ea2011\u5e74\u8d77\u5df2\u505c\u6b62\u66f4\u65b0\u201c\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u518d\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u3002[111]\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u8425\u5546\u73af\u5883\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e73\u8861\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[112]\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8fd9\u4e00\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u518d\u5f3a\u8c03\u53ea\u6709\u653e\u677e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5176\u66fe\u6709\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u8bed<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u901f\u7684\u653e\u7f13\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5404\u754c\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u6301\u7eed\u6279\u8bc4\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u653e\u677e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u91ca\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u652f\u6301\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u6307\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5c06\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u5e73\u8861\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6743\u5229\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u6574\u4f53\u8d8b\u52bf\u6765\u770b\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u5f3a\u7684\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u964d\u4f4e\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6539\u9769\u53ea\u662f\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u91c7\u53d6\u589e\u5f3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u9700\u66f4\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a \u4e01\u96ef\u96ef\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff08S.J.D\uff09\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a [1]\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8f83\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6db5\u76d6\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u800c\u975e\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u4e94\u5e38\uff1a\u300a\u5f20\u4e94\u5e38\u8bba\u65b0\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u82cf\u529b\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b(\u7b2c\u56db\u53772009\u5e74)\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1-36\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u5173\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u8c22\u589e\u6bc5\uff1a\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b2017\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c96-97\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[4]2016\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u4f1a\u8bae\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u964d\u6210\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u5b9a\u53ec\u5f00\u5341\u516b\u5c4a\u516d\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u5f53\u524d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u52bf\u90e8\u7f72\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5de5\u4f5c\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2016\u5e747\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c1\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[5]See Eliane Vogel-Polsky,\u201cThe Problem of Unemployment\u201d, in B. Hepple(ed.), The Making of Labour Law in Europe, Mansell,1986, pp.188-189.<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[5]\uff0c\u7b2c189\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[7]See Simon Deakin,\u201cThe Law and Economics of Employment Protection Legislation\u201d\uff0cin Michael L. Wachter and Cynthia L. Estlund(ed.), Research Handbook on the Economics of Labor and Employment Law, Edward Elgar Publishing,2012, p.330.<\/p>\n<p>[8]See Christoph F. B\u00fcchtemann, Employment Security and Labor Market Behaviour: Interdisciplinary Approaches and International Evidence, Cornell University Press,1993, p.8.<\/p>\n<p>[9]See Hugh Collins, Justice in Dismissal: The Law of Termination of Employment, Clarendon Press,1992, p.28.<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[7]\uff0c\u7b2c332\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[7]\uff0c\u7b2c333\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u53c2\u89c1\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b2c158\u53f7\u516c\u7ea6\uff08\u300a\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e3b\u52a8\u7ec8\u6b62\u96c7\u4f63\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff09,\u7b2c2\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u540c\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c4\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c5\u30016\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c13\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c14\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c11\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[18]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c12\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[19]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12],\u7b2c7\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[20]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[12]\uff0c\u7b2c10\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[21]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The OECD Jobs Study: Facts, Analysis, Strategies, OECD Publications and Information Centre,1994, Introduction, p.1.<\/p>\n<p>[22]See Bruno Veneziani,\u201cThe Employment Relationship\u201d, in Bob Hepple and Bruno Veneziani(eds.), The Transformation of Labour Law in Europe: A Comparative Study of 15 Countries 1945-2004, Hart Publishing,2009, pp.114-121.<\/p>\n<p>[23]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Employment Outlook 2013, OECD Publishing,2013, p.67.<\/p>\n<p>[24]\u53c2\u89c1\u845b\u6587\u535a\uff1a\u300a\u523a\u6fc0\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a8\u52a8\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2017\u5e749\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c18\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u5173\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u89e3\u96c7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0cSee J. H. Verkerke,\u201cAn Empirical Perspective on Indefinite Term Employment Contracts: Resolving the Just Cause Debate\u201d, Wisconsin Law Review, Vol.1995, No.4(1995), pp.837-918; Richard A. Epstein,\u201cIn Defense of the Contract at Will\u201d, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol.51, No.4(1984), pp.947-982; Stewart J. Schwab,\u201cLife-Cycle Justice: Accommodating Just Cause and Employment at Will\u201d, Michigan Law Review, Vol.92, No.1(1993), pp.8-62. Kenneth G. Dau-Schmidt,\u201cEmployment Security: A Comparative Institutional Debate\u201d, Texas Law Review, Vol.74, No.7(1996), pp.1645-1654.<\/p>\n<p>[26]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[25]\uff0cEpstein\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[27]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[7]\uff0c\u7b2c333-334\u9875\uff1bPer Skedinger, Employment Protection Legislation: Evolution, Effects, Winners and Losers, Edward Elgar Publishing,2010, p.67.<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[27]\uff0cSkedinger\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c67-68\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[29]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[2]\uff0c\u7b2c10-11\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[30]See Alan Manning, Monopsony in Motion: Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets, Princeton University Press,2003, p.58.<\/p>\n<p>[31]\u53c2\u89c1[\u7f8e]J.H.\u97e6\u5c14\u514b\u5c14\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u4e01\u96ef\u96ef\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u300b2016\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c127\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[32]See Pauline T. Kim,\u201cBargaining with Imperfect Information: A Study of Worker Perceptions of Legal Protection in an At-will World\u201d, Cornell Law Review, Vol.83, No.1(1997), pp.133-147.<\/p>\n<p>[33]See Cass R. Sunstein,\u201cHuman Behavior and the Law of Work\u201d, Virginia Law Review, Vol.87, No.2(2001), p.225.<\/p>\n<p>[34]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[31]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[35]See David I. Levine,\u201cJust-Cause Employment Policies in the Presence of Worker Adverse Selection\u201d, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol.9, No.3(1991), pp.294-305.<\/p>\n<p>[36]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[25]\uff0cSchwab\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[37]See Alvaro Santos,\u201cLabor Flexibility, Legal Reform, and Economic Development\u201d, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol.50, No.1(2009), p.43.<\/p>\n<p>[38]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[27]\uff0cSkdinger\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[39]See Giuseppe Bertola,\u201cMicroeconomic Perspectives on Aggregate Labor Markets\u201d, in Orley Ashenfelter, David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol.3C, North Holland,1999, pp.2985-3028.\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4e5f\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002See Richard Jackman and Stephen Nickell,\u201cCombating Unemployment is Flexibility Enough?\u201d, in Richard Layard(ed.), Tackling Unemployment, Palgrave Macmillan,1999, pp.257-288.\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5931\u4e1a\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u88ab\u5176\u5bf9\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u62b5\u6d88\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[40]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[27]\uff0cSkdinger\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[41]See Daniel S. Hamermesh,\u201cEmployment Protection: Theoretical Implications and Some US Evidence\u201d, in Christoph F. Buechtmann(ed.), Employment Security and Labor Market Behavior-Interdisciplinary Approaches and International Evidence, ILR Press,1993, pp.126-147.<\/p>\n<p>[42]See Olivier Blanchard and Justin Wolfers,\u201cThe Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence\u201d, The Economic Journal, Vol.110, No.462(2000), pp.1-33.<\/p>\n<p>[43]See Mich\u00e8le Belot, Jan Boone and Jan Van Ours,\u201cWelfare-Improving Employment Protection\u201d, Economica, Vol.74, No.295(2007), pp.381-396.<\/p>\n<p>[44]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[27]\uff0cSkdinger\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c62\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[45]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[44]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[46]See Winfried Koeniger,\u201cDismissal Costs and Innovation\u201d, Economics Letters, Vol.88, No.1(2005), pp.79-84.<\/p>\n<p>[47]See Edward Lazear,\u201cJob Security Provisions and Employment\u201d, The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.105, No.3(1990), pp.699-726.<\/p>\n<p>[48]See Assar Lindbeck, Dennis J. Snower,\u201cInsiders Versus Outsiders\u201d, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.15, No.1(2001)\uff0c pp.165-188.\u52b3\u5de5\u6d41\u5931\u6210\u672c\u4e00\u822c\u5305\u62ec\u96c7\u4f63\u6210\u672c\u3001\u89e3\u96c7\u6210\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u57f9\u8bad\u6210\u672c\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[49]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[47]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[50]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[27]\uff0cSkdinger\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[51]\u6700\u65e9\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6a21\u62df\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u51c6\u56fa\u5b9a\u6295\u5165\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u96c7\u4f63\u4e0e\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002See Walter Y. Oi,\u201cLabor as a Quasi-Fixed Factor\u201d, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.70, No.6(1962), pp.538-555.<\/p>\n<p>[52]See Benoit Pierre Freyens and J.H. Verkerke,\u201cMapping Employment Dismissal Law: A Leximetric Investigation of EPL Stringency and Regulatory Style\u201d, Conditions of Work and Employment Series No.88(2017), pp.5-6.<\/p>\n<p>[53]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[47]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[54]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[47]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[55]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[47]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[56]See Stefano Scarpetta,\u201cAssessing the Role of Labour Market Policies and Institutional Settings on Unemployment: A Cross-Country Study\u201d, OECD Economic Studies, Vol.26, No.1(1996), pp.43-98.<\/p>\n<p>[57]See J\ue54frgen Elmeskov, John Martin and Stefano Scarpetta,\u201cKey Lessons for Labour Market Reforms: Evidence from OECD Countries&#8217; Experience\u201d, Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol.5, No.2(1998), pp.205-252.<\/p>\n<p>[58]See Stephen Nickell,\u201cUnemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe Versus North America\u201d, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.11, No.3(1997) pp.55-74.<\/p>\n<p>[59]See Stephen Nickell and Richard Layard,\u201cLabor Market Institutions and Economic Performance\u201d, in Orley Ashenfelter, David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics,Vol.3C, North Holland,1999, pp.3029-3084.<\/p>\n<p>[60]See Juan C. Botero, Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer,\u201cThe Regulation of Labor\u201d, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.119, No.4(2004), pp.1339-1382.<\/p>\n<p>[61]See John Addison, Paulino Teixeira and Jean-Luc Grosso,\u201cThe Effect of Dismissals Protection on Employment: More on a Vexed Theme\u201d, Southern Economic Journal, Vol.67, No.1(2000), pp.105-122; John Addison and Paulino Teixeira,\u201cThe Economics of Employment Protection\u201d, Journal of Labor Research, Vol.24, No.1(2003), pp.85-128.\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[62]See David R. Howell, Dean Baker, Andrew Glyn and John Schmitt,\u201cAre Protective Labor Market Institutions at the Root of Unemployment? A Critical Review of the Evidence\u201d, Capitalism and Society,Vol.2, No.1(2007), pp.1-73;Tito Boeri,\u201cInstitutional Reforms and Dualism in European Labor Markets\u201d, Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol.4B\uff0c(2011), pp.1173-1236; Dean Baker, Andrew Glyn, David R. Howell and John Schmitt,\u201cLabor Market Institutions and Unemployment: Assessment of the Cross-Country Evidence\u201d, in David R. Howell(ed.), Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free Market Orthodoxy, Oxford University Press,2005, pp.72-113.<\/p>\n<p>[63]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Employment Outlook 1999, OECD Publishing,1999.<\/p>\n<p>[64]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Employment Outlook 2006: Boosting Jobs and Incomes, OECD Publishing,2006;\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8\u91ca\ue000B23\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[65]See Andrea Bassanini and Romain Duval,\u201cEmployment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions\u201d, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No.486(2006).\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b2\u51fb\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0a\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[66]See Lucio Baccaro and Diego Rei,\u201cInstitutional Determinants of Unemployment in OECD Countries: A Time Series Cross-Section Analysis\u201d, International Institute for Labour Studies Discussion Paper,(2005).<\/p>\n<p>[67]See Bruno Amable, Lilas Demmou, and Donatella Gatti,\u201cEmployment Performance and Institutions: New Answers to an Old Question\u201d, IZA Discussion Papers, No.2731(2007).<\/p>\n<p>[68]See Michele Belot and Jan C. Van Ours,\u201cDoes the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in Lowering Their Unemployment Rates Lie in the Clever Design of Their Labor Market Reforms?\u201d, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol.56, No.4(2004), pp.621-642.<\/p>\n<p>[69]\u5173\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u4f8b\u5916\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u7acb\u5cf0\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e0a\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\u7684\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4f8b\u5916:\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u5357\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c11\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c65-77\u9875\uff1b\u80e1\u7acb\u5cf0\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5f53\u89e3\u96c7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c4\u5236\uff1a\u6e90\u6d41\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u73af\u7403\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c130-141\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[70]See David Autor, John Donohue and Stewart Schwab,\u201cThe Employment Consequences of Wrongful Dismissal Laws: Large, Small or None at All?\u201d, American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.2(2004), pp.440-446.<\/p>\n<p>[71]See Aditya Bhattacharjea,\u201cLabour Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence\u201d, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol.49, No.2(2006), pp.211-232;Aditya Bhattacharjea,\u201cThe Effects of Employment Protection Legislation on Indian Manufacturing\u201d, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.44, No.22(2009), pp.55-62; Praveen Jha and Sakti Golder,\u201cLabour Market Regulation and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of Arguments and Some Plausible Lessons for India\u201d, International Labour Organisation Economic and Labour Market Paper 1(2008); Errol D&#8217;Souza,\u201cThe Employment Effects of Labour Legislation in India: A Critical Essay\u201d, Industrial Relations Journal, Vol.41, No.2(2010), pp.122-135.<\/p>\n<p>[72]See Adriana D. Kugler,\u201cThe Effect of Job Security Regulations on Labor Market Flexibility: Evidence from the Colombian Labor Market Reform\u201d, in James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages(eds.), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press,2004, pp.183-228; Jaime Saavedra and Mhmo Torero,\u201cLabor Market Reforms and Their Impact over Formal Labor Demand and Job Market Turnover: The Case of Peru\u201d, in James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages(eds.),Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press,2004, pp.131-182; Mondino, Guillermo and Silvia Montoya,\u201cThe Effects of Labor Market Regulations on Employment Decisions by Firms: Empirical Evidence for Argentina\u201d, in James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages(eds.), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press,2004, pp.351-400.<\/p>\n<p>[73]See De Barros, Ricardo Paes, and Carlos Henrique Corseuil,\u201cThe Impact of Regulations on Brazilian Labor Market Performance\u201d, in James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages(eds.), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press,2004, pp.273-350; Andrew Downes, Nlandu Mamingi and Rose-Marie Belle Antoine,\u201cLabor Market Regulation and Employment in the Caribbean\u201d, in James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages(eds.), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press,2004, pp.517-552.<\/p>\n<p>[74]\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8\u91ca\ue000B56\u3002\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u957f\u671f\u672a\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u662f\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u89e3\u96c7\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4f1a\u8c28\u614e\u96c7\u4f63\u65b0\u7684\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u957f\u671f\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u4f1a\u88ab\u96c7\u4e3b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u6280\u80fd\u6216\u8005\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3002See also Adriana Kugler, Juan Jimeno and Virginia Hernanz,\u201cEmployment Consequences of Restrictive Permanent Contracts: Evidence from Spanish Labour Market Reforms\u201d, CEPR Discussion Paper, No.3724(2003).\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u6790\u4e861997\u5e74\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5173\u4e8e\u89e3\u96c7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u9769\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u89e3\u96c7\u6210\u672c\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e0e\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u3002See also Luc Behaghel, Bruno Cr\u00e9pon and B\u00e9atrice S\u00e9dillot,\u201cThe Perverse Effects of Partial Employment Protection Reform: The Case of French Older Workers\u201d, Journal of Public Economics, Vol.92, No.3-4(2008), pp.696-721.\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u9488\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd1992\u5e74\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u9769\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5bf9\u8d85\u8fc750\u5c81\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53d7\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc750\u5c81\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4f4e\u4e8e50\u5c81\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5c31\u4e1a\u5e76\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\uff0csee Sandrine Cazes and Alena Ne\ue571porov\u00e1, Flexicurity: A Relevant Approach in Central and Eastern Europe, International Labour Office,2007;\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[66]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[75]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[65]\uff0c\u7b2c45-48\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[76]See James J. Heckman and Carmen Pages-Serra,\u201cThe Cost of Job Security Regulation: Evidence from Latin American Labor Markets\u201d, Econom\u00eda, Vol.1, No.1(2000), pp.109-144.<\/p>\n<p>[77]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[2]\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[78]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[59]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[79]See Simon Deakin and Prabirjit Sarkar,\u201cAssessing the Long-Run Economic Impact of Labour Law Systems: A Theoretical Reappraisal and Analysis of New Time Series Data\u201d, Industrial Relations Journal, Vol.39, No.6(2008), pp.453-487.<\/p>\n<p>[80]See Andrea Bassanini, Luca Nunziata and Danielle Venn,\u201cJob Protection Legislation and Productivity Growth in OECD Countries\u201d, Economic Policy, Vol.24, No.58(2009), pp.349-402.\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u4ec5\u9488\u5bf9\u975e\u4e34\u65f6\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u5c31\u4e34\u65f6\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[81]See Stefano Scarpetta, Philip Hemmings, Thierry Tressel, and Jaejoon Woo,\u201cThe Role of Policy and Institutions for Productivity and Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Micro and Industry Data\u201d, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.329(2002).<\/p>\n<p>[82]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[43]\uff0c\u7b2c381-396\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[83]See Gayle Allard and Peter H. Lindert,\u201cEuro-Productivity and Euro-Jobs Since the 1960s: Which Institutions Really Mattered?\u201d, in T. J. Hatton, Kevin H. O&#8217;Rourke and Alan M. Taylor(eds.), The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, The MIT Press,2007, pp.365-394.<\/p>\n<p>[84]See Beata Smarzynska Javorcik and Mariana Spatareanu,\u201cDisentangling FDI Spillover Effects: What Do Firm Perceptions Tell Us?\u201d, in Theodore H. Moran, Edward Montgomery Graham, Magnus Blomstrom and Magnus Blomstr?m(eds.), Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?, Peterson Institute,2005, pp.45-72.<\/p>\n<p>[85]See Markus Leibrecht and Johann Scharler,\u201cHow Important is Employment Protection Legislation for Foreign Direct Investment Flows in Central and Eastern European Countries?\u201d, Economics of Transition, Vol.17, No.2(2009), pp.275-295.<\/p>\n<p>[86]See Simon Deakin, Priya Lele, and Mathias Siems,\u201cThe Evolution of Labour Law: Calibrating and Comparing Regulatory Regimes\u201d, International Labour Review, Vol.146, No.3-4(2007), pp.133-162.<\/p>\n<p>[87]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[52]\uff0c\u7b2c7-9\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[88]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[52]\uff0c\u7b2c31-38\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[89]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[37]\uff0c\u7b2c43\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[90]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[39]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[91]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[52]\uff0c\u7b2c5-15\u9875\u3002See also Simon Deakin,\u201cThe Use of Quantitative Methods in Labour Law Research: An Assessment and Reformulation\u201d, Social &amp; Legal Studies, Vol.27, No.4(2018), pp.461,465-467.<\/p>\n<p>[92]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[52]\uff0c\u7b2c5-15\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[93]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[52]\uff0c\u7b2c46\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[94]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[23]\uff0c\u7b2c74-77\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[95]See Zoe Adams and Simon Deakin,\u201cQuantitative Labour Law\u201d, in Amy Ludlow and Alysia Blackham(eds.), New Frontiers in Empirical Labour Law Research, Hart Publishing,2015, p.35.<\/p>\n<p>[96]See Lee Sangheon, Deirdre McCann and Nina Torm,\u201cThe World Bank&#8217;s \u2018Employing Workers\u2019 Index: Findings and Critiques-A Review of Recent Evidence\u201d, International Labour Review, Vol.147, No.4(2008), pp.420-423.<\/p>\n<p>[97]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[37]\uff0c\u7b2c49-50\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[98]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The OECD Jobs Study: Evidence and Explanations, OECD Publications and Information Centre,1994, p.69.<\/p>\n<p>[99]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[99]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[100]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[47]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[101]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[21]\uff0cIntroduction\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[102]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[21]\uff0cPart 3b,\u7b2c4\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[103]See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Implementing the OECD Job Strategy: Lessons from Member Countries, OECD Publishing,1997, pp.7-8.<\/p>\n<p>[104]See World Bank,\u201cDoing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation\u201d, http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/content\/dam\/doingBusiness\/media\/Annual-Reports\/English\/DB04-FullReport.pdf, pp.29-39,2018\u5e745\u670817\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[105]See World Bank,\u201cBolivia: Country Economic Memorandum Policies to Improve Growth and Employment\u201d, Report No.32233-BO,2005, p.32; World Bank,\u201cEcuador-Investment Climate Assessment\u201d, Report No.31900,2005, pp.190,187.<\/p>\n<p>[106]See Peter Bakvis,\u201cHow the World Bank &amp; IMF Use the Doing Business Report to Promote Labour Market Deregulation in Developing Countries\u201d,http:\/\/archivio.rassegna.it\/2006\/europamondo\/articoli\/doingbusinessicftuanalysis0606.pdf, pp.2,5,7-12,2018\u5e745\u670817\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[107]See International Monetary Fund,\u201cNepal: Article IV Consultation Staff Report\u201d, IMF Country Report No.06\/44,2006; International Monetary Fund,\u201cSouth Africa: Article IV Consultation Staff Report\u201d, IMF Country Report No.05\/346,2005.<\/p>\n<p>[108]See Zoe Adams, Louise Bishop, Simon Deakin, Colin Fenwick, Sara Martinsson Garzelli and Giudy Rusconi,\u201cThe Economic Significance of Laws Relating to Employment Protection and Different Forms of Employment: Analysis of a Panel of 117 Countries,1990-2013\u201d, International Labour Review (forthcoming).<\/p>\n<p>[109]\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5931\u4e1a\u4fdd\u9669\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u6807\u51c6\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[110]See Richard B. Freeman,\u201cLabour Market Institutions Without Blinders: The Debate over Flexibility and Labour Market Performance\u201d, International Economic Journal, Vol.19, No.2(2005), pp.129-145.<\/p>\n<p>[111]See Trevor Manuel, Carlos Arruda, Jihad Azour, Chong-En Bai, Timothy Besley, Dong-Sung Cho, Sergei Guriev, Huguette Labelle, Jean Pierre Landau, Arun Maira and Hendrik Wolff,\u201cIndependent Panel Review of the Doing Business Report\u201d, http:\/\/www.dbrpanel.org\/sites\/dbrpanel\/files\/doingbusiness-review-panel-report.pdf,2018\u5e745\u670820\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[112]See World Bank,\u201cDoing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs\u201d, http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/content\/dam\/doingBusiness\/media\/Annual-Reports\/English\/DB2018-Full-Report.pdf, pp.206-207,2018\u5e745\u670820\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a \u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u53ca\u89e3\u96c7\u6743\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5236\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12141,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-wiki"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10685"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10685\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12144"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}