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v. Hearst Publications, Inc.\u6848[36]\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u652f\u6301\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u67d0\u4e9b\u65e5\u62a5\u53d1\u884c\u5546\u540c\u4ee3\u8868\u8be5\u5e02\u62a5\u7ae5\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u30021947\u5e74\u300a\u5854\u592b\u7279\u2014\u54c8\u7279\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5728\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b\u65f6\uff0c\u867d\u5c06\u72ec\u7acb\u627f\u63fd\u4eba\u6392\u9664\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u540e\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ecd\u6709\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u79cd\u7c7b\u72ec\u7acb\u627f\u63fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1968\u5e74\u5728NLRB v. United Insurance Co.\u6848[37]\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4fdd\u9669\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u662f\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff1b1994\u5e74\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u672a\u6765\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5e94\u5f53\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u3002\u201d[38]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c1996\u5e74\u300a\u96c7\u4f63\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c230\u6761\u7b2c3\u6b3e\u5bf9\u201c\u5de5\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\u2014\u2014\u96c7\u5458\u3001\u81ea\u96c7\u8005\u548c\u867d\u6709\u81ea\u96c7\u7279\u5f81\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u96c7\u8005\u7684\u201cb\u9879\u5de5\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982Uber\u53f8\u673a\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u96c7\u8005\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201cb\u9879\u5de5\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec2001\u5e74\u7684Byrne Brothers (Formwork) Ltd. v. Baird &amp; Ors\u6848[39]\u30012012\u5e74\u7684The Hospital Medical Group Ltd. v. Westwood\u6848[40]\u548c2014\u5e74\u7684Clyde &amp; Co LLP and Another v. 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u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524<\/p>\n<p>\u2502\u3000\u3000\u2502\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u2502\u6807\u5fd7\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u2502\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u2502<\/p>\n<p>\u251c\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524<\/p>\n<p>\u25021\u3000 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v. 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Weil, The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It, Harvard University Press,2014, p.11.<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u95ee\u8d23\u5c402006\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6309\u9700\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4fdd\u6301\u572831%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002See United States Government Accountability Office, Employment Arrangements: Improved Outreach Could Help Ensure Proper Worker Classification,2006, GAO-06-656.<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u52b3\u52a1\u7528\u5de5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u4ee3\u7406\u7528\u5de5\u548c\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u7528\u5de5\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u67cf\u6676\u4f1f\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u52b3\u52a1\u7528\u5de5\u89c4\u6a21\u7ea6700\u4e07\u4eba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65f6\u62a5\u300b2012\u5e744\u670826\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u53c2\u89c1\u8c37\u7ea2\uff1a\u300a\u4fe1\u606f\u5e73\u53f0\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u4e09\u7f51\u878d\u5408\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u3001\u8fd0\u8425\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u89c4\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2012\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c91\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u53c2\u89c1\u3014\u7f8e\u3015\u8d56\u5b89\u00b7\u5e93\u7eb3\u7f07\u3001\u6770\u91cc\u7c73\u00b7\u7ebd\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff1a\u79fb\u52a8\u529e\u516c\u53ca\u521b\u4e1a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u79c0\u5170\u8bd1\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2016\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c56\u9875\uff1b\u3014\u7f8e\u3015\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e03\u5fb7\u7f57\u3001\u3014\u7f8e\u3015\u745e\u6587\u00b7\u6770\u82cf\u8428\u68ee\u3001\u3014\u52a0\u3015\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u5c14\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u4f20\u7edf\u96c7\u7528\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u300b\uff0c\u6bd5\u5d07\u6bc5\u3001\u5eb7\u81f3\u519b\u8bd1\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e2016\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c22\u9875\u3001\u7b2c32\u9875\u3001\u7b2c35\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u5168\u5174\uff1a\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c4\u7248\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2017\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c35\uff5e36\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u53c2\u89c1\u3014\u5fb7\u3015\u96f7\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u74e6\u5c14\u7279\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6c88\u5efa\u5cf0\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2015\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c46\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u5168\u5174\u3001\u7c9f\u745c\uff1a\u300a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u51c6\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u52b3\u52a8\u5236\u5ea6\u5256\u6790\u53ca\u5176\u542f\u793a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b2016\u5e74\u7b2c10\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[18]See Mark Freedland FBA and Nicola Kountouris, The Legal Construction of Personal Work Relations, Oxford University Press,2011,pp.277-278.<\/p>\n<p>[19]\u53c2\u89c1\u7530\u601d\u8def\u3001\u8d3e\u79c0\u82ac\uff1a\u300a\u5951\u7ea6\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u2014\u2014\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u5f15\u8a00\u7b2c1\uff5e2\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[20]See Kwak, Jane P., Employees Versus Independent Contractors: Why States Should Not Enact Statutes That Target the Construction Industry, Journal of Legislation, Vol.39, Issue 2, Article 4,2013.<\/p>\n<p>[21]\u53c2\u89c1\u7c9f\u745c\u3001\u738b\u5168\u5174\uff1a\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u7075\u6d3b\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e2d\u81ea\u6cbb\u6027\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e1c\u5357\u5b66\u672f\u300b2016\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[22]\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u51cc\uff1a\u300a\u7f51\u7edc\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8d22\u7ecf\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2016\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c31\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[23]\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u786e\u7acb\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5173\u4e8b\u9879\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u3001\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u62db\u7528\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u672a\u8ba2\u7acb\u4e66\u9762\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u5907\u4e0b\u5217\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u6210\u7acb\u3002(\u4e00)\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u8d44\u683c\uff1b(\u4e8c)\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u5404\u9879\u52b3\u52a8\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u53d7\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u6709\u62a5\u916c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff1b(\u4e09)\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u662f\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u201d\u201c\u56db\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u65bd\u5de5\u3001\u77ff\u5c71\u4f01\u4e1a\u7b49\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5c06\u5de5\u7a0b(\u4e1a\u52a1)\u6216\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u53d1\u5305\u7ed9\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7528\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u62db\u7528\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u7531\u5177\u5907\u7528\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u53d1\u5305\u65b9\u627f\u62c5\u7528\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[24]\u539f\u52b3\u52a8\u90e8\u529e\u516c\u5385\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u8ba4\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u7528\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u590d\u51fd\u300b(\u52b3\u529e\u529b\u5b57\u30141993\u301517\u53f7)\u548c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u8ba4\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u7528\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u590d\u51fd\u300b(\u52b3\u529e\u53d1\u30141994\u3015109\u53f7)\uff0c\u88ab\u201c\u52b3\u793e\u90e8\u51fd\u30142002\u3015108\u53f7\u201d\u5e9f\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u300a\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u52a0\u5feb\u57f9\u80b2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b0\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u300b(\u56fd\u53d1\u30142015\u301524\u53f7)\u7b2c(\u5341)\u9879\u3001\u300a\u7f51\u7edc\u9884\u7ea6\u51fa\u79df\u6c7d\u8f66\u7ecf\u8425\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u6682\u884c\u529e\u6cd5\u300b(\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u90e8\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u90e8\u3001\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u3001\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\u3001\u5de5\u5546\u603b\u5c40\u3001\u8d28\u68c0\u603b\u5c40\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f51\u4fe1\u529e2016\u5e74\u7b2c60\u53f7\u4ee4)\u7b2c18\u6761\u3001\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5206\u4eab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u610f\u89c1\u300b(\u53d1\u6539\u9ad8\u6280\u30142017\u30151245\u53f7)\u7b2c12\u9879\u3001\u300a\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u7b2c\u516b\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u6c11\u4e8b\u5546\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u8bae(\u6c11\u4e8b\u90e8\u5206)\u7eaa\u8981\u300b(2016\u5e7411\u6708)\u7b2c\u516d\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[26]\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a(1)\u201c\u5e84\u71d5\u751f\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2013)\u77f3\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c7471\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff1b(2)\u201c\u5b59\u6709\u826f\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2017)\u2014\u4e2d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c176\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff1b(3)\u201c\u738b\u54f2\u62f4\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u77f3\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c367\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff1b(4)\u201c\u5f20\u52c7\u8bc9\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2016)\u4eac0107\u6c11\u521d4021\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u5ba1\u3001\u4e8c\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u4ee3\u9a7e\u53f8\u673a\u8ba4\u5b9a\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u5747\u4e0d\u4e88\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[27]\u5982\u201c\u738b\u54f2\u62f4\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u77f3\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c367\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff1b\u201c\u5f20\u52c7\u8bc9\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2016)\u4eac0107\u6c11\u521d4021\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u5982\u201c\u5b59\u6709\u826f\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2017)\u2014\u4e2d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c176\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[29]\u5982\u201c\u5e84\u71d5\u751f\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u77f3\u666f\u5c71\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2013)\u77f3\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c7471\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[30]\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u9676\u65b0\u56fd\u7b49\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u8d23\u4efb\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u6d66\u4e1c\u65b0\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u6d66\u6c11\u4e00(\u6c11)\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c37776\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[31]\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a(1)\u201c\u5cb3\u6d77\u6e05\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u8d23\u4efb\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u4e1c\u57ce\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u4e1c\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c00352\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u4e8c\u4e2d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c07156\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002\u2475\u201c\u8d75\u5b9d\u6625\u4e0e\u9648\u5fd7\u56fd\u3001\u7a0b\u6653\u521a\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u8d22\u4ea7\u4fdd\u9669\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u4ebf\u5fc3\u5b9c\u884c\u6c7d\u8f66\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u670d\u52a1\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u8d23\u4efb\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u4e1c\u57ce\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u4e1c\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c00353\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2014)\u4e8c\u4e2d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c07157\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[32]\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u5f90\u5c0f\u94f6\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u8d23\u4efb\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2015)\u4e09\u4e2d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c04810\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[33]\u300a\u4fb5\u6743\u8d23\u4efb\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c34\u6761\u7b2c1\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u56e0\u6267\u884c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4efb\u52a1\u9020\u6210\u4ed6\u4eba\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u627f\u62c5\u4fb5\u6743\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[34]See Douglas O\u2019 Connor, et al. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., No. C-13-3826 EMC, Document 251.<\/p>\n<p>[35]See Aslam, Farrar and Others v. Uber, Case No.2202550\/2015.<\/p>\n<p>[36]See NLRB v. Hearst Publications, Inc.,322 U.S.111,64 S.Ct.851\uff0c88 L. Ed.1170(1944).<\/p>\n<p>[37]See NLRB v. United Insurance Co.,390 U.S.254,88 S. Ct.988,19 L. Ed.2d 1083(1968).<\/p>\n<p>[38]Symposium on the Regulatory Future of Contingent Employment,52 Washington and Lee L. Rev.725-933(1995).<\/p>\n<p>[39]See Byme Brothers (Formwork) Ltd. v. Baird &amp; Ors, ICR 667.<\/p>\n<p>[40]See The Hospital Medical Group Ltd. v. Westwood,\u30142012\u3015 EWCA Civ 1005,\u30142013\u3015 ICR 415.<\/p>\n<p>[41]See Clyde &amp; Co LLP and Another v. Bates van Winkelhof,\u30142014\u3015 UKSC 32.<\/p>\n<p>[42]\u53c2\u89c12006\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u5927\u4f1a\u7b2c198\u53f7\u5efa\u8bae\u4e66\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e66\u300b\u7b2c13\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[43]See Regulating the Employment Relationship in Europe: A guide to Recommendation No.198, http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ifpdial\/information-resources\/publications\/WCMS_209280\/lang\uff5een\/index.htm, last visit on Dec.30,2017.<\/p>\n<p>[44]See S. G. Borello &amp; Sons, Inc. v. Dep\u2019 t of Indus. Relations,48 Cal.3d 341,350(1989); Narayan v. EGL, Inc.,616 F.3d 895,900(9th Cir.2010).<\/p>\n<p>[45]See Present Law and Backgrond Relation to Worker Classification for Federal Tax Purposes, https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/pub\/irs-utl\/x-26-07.pdf,2007, last visit on Dec.4,2017.<\/p>\n<p>[46]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[43]\uff0c\u7b2c8\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[47]\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u5168\u5174\u3001\u6c64\u4e91\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u3008\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u6cd5\u3009\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[48]\u53c2\u89c1\u6211\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u52b3\u5de5\u4fdd\u9669\u6761\u4f8b\u201d\u7b2c15\u6761\u7b2c1\u30012\u30013\u6b3e\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[49]\u524d\u8005\u5982\u300a\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u610f\u89c1\u300b(\u56fd\u53d1\u30142009\u301536\u53f7)\u3001\u300a\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u5c40\u7b49\u5173\u4e8e\u53d1\u6325\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u529f\u80fd\u6276\u6301\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u79ef\u6781\u5e94\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b(\u7a57\u52b3\u793e\u89c4\u30142009\u30152\u53f7)\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5982\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c52\u6761\u548c\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u5c40\u5173\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5584\u5c31\u4e1a\u56f0\u96be\u4eba\u5458\u7075\u6d3b\u5c31\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u8865\u8d34\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b(\u6d25\u4eba\u793e\u5c40\u53d1\u30142014\u301588\u53f7)\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[50]\u300a\u5b89\u5168\u751f\u4ea7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c2\u6761\u3001\u7b2c6\u6761\uff0c\u300a\u804c\u4e1a\u75c5\u9632\u6cbb\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c78\u6761\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[15]\uff0c\u738b\u5168\u5174\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c364\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[51]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300a\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u5ba1\u7406\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u4ef6\u82e5\u5e72\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u7b54(\u4e8c)\u300b(\u6d59\u9ad8\u6cd5\u6c11\u4e00\u30142014\u30157\u53f7)\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u9879\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u5ba1\u7406\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u4ef6\u82e5\u5e72\u7591\u96be\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u300b(\u5ddd\u9ad8\u6cd5\u6c11\u4e00\u30142016\u30151\u53f7)\u7b2c16\u9879\uff0c\u300a\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u5ba1\u7406\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u6848\u4ef6\u7591\u96be\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u300b(\u7ca4\u9ad8\u6cd5\u30142017\u3015147\u53f7)\u7b2c2\u6761\uff0c\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5168\u7701\u6c11\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u8bae\u7eaa\u8981\u300b(\u9c81\u9ad8\u6cd5\u30142011\u3015297\u53f7)\u7b2c(\u4e00)\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[52]\u53c2\u89c1\u989c\u6590\uff1a\u300a7\u4eba\u8bc9\u201c\u597d\u53a8\u5e08\u201d\u975e\u6cd5\u89e3\u96c7\u83b7\u8d54\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6668\u62a5\u300b2017\u5e746\u670814\u65e5\u7b2cA11\u7248\uff1b\u201c\u674e\u8f89\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u6c88\u9633\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2017)\u8fbd01\u6c11\u7ec87210\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[53]\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u989c\u6590\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[54]\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u6d41\u4e0e\u91c7\u8d2d\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a2017\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u7535\u5546\u7269\u6d41\u4e0e\u5feb\u9012\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u5546\u7269\u6d41\u5feb\u9012\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c74.6%\u7684\u4eba\u6708\u5747\u6536\u5165\u57283001\u5143\uff5e5000\u5143\uff0c20.44%\u7684\u4eba\u6708\u5747\u6536\u5165\u57285001\u5143\uff5e8000\u5143\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c62.2%\u7684\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u57288\u5c0f\u65f6\uff5e10\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c24.46%\u7684\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u572810\u5c0f\u65f6\uff5e12\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u572812\u5c0f\u65f6\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u536013.34%\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a2017\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u7535\u5546\u7269\u6d41\u4e0e\u5feb\u9012\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0chttp:\/\/www.askci.com\/news\/chanye\/20170511\/23163597841.shtml,2017\u5e7412\u670811\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[55]\u6ef4\u6ef4\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u96622017\u5e7410\u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u65b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u2014\u20142017\u5e74\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5e73\u53f0\u5c31\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u201d\u53f8\u673a\u4e2a\u4eba\u6708\u5747\u6536\u5165\u57283000\u5143\uff5e5000\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u536039.69%,3000\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u536023.54%,5000\u5143\uff5e7000\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u536020.38%\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u65b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u2014\u20142017\u5e74\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5e73\u53f0\u5c31\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0chttp:\/\/www.sohu.eom\/a\/199915625_483389,2017\u5e7412\u670821\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[56]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[22]\uff0c\u80e1\u51cc\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c17\uff5e20\u9875\u3001\u7b2c31\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[57]\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u715c\uff1a\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u62df\u9650\u5236\u5916\u5356\u9001\u9910\u5458\u62a2\u5355\u6570\u91cf\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u4eac\u62a5\u300b2017\u5e749\u670822\u65e5\u7b2cA14\u7248\uff1b\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5e02\u4ea4\u7ba1\u5c40\u3008\u52a0\u5f3a\u5916\u5356\u9001\u9910\u7535\u52a8\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u63aa\u65bd\u3009\u516c\u5f00\u5f81\u96c6\u610f\u89c1\u300b\uff0chttp:\/\/www.nanjing.gov.cn\/hdjl\/zjdc\/myzj\/bqzj\/201709\/t20170925_5030589.html,2017\u5e7412\u670811\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[58]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[36]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[59]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[34]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[60]\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5de5\u4f1a\u6cd5\u300b(2009\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63)\u7b2c3\u6761\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4f1a\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b(2013\u5e74)\u7b2c1\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[61]\u53c2\u89c1\u6bdb\u671d\u9633\uff1a\u300a\u5168\u56fd\u9996\u4e2a\u201c\u8d27\u8fd0\u53f8\u673a\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u6210\u7acb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de5\u4eba\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2017\u5e746\u670815\u65e5\u7b2c2\u7248\uff1b\u91cd\u5e86\u5e02\u603b\u5de5\u4f1a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u5168\u56fd\u603b\u5de5\u4f1a\u5c06\u6c99\u5e08\u5f1f\u6253\u9020\u6210\u5168\u56fd\u8bd5\u70b9\u5de5\u4f1a\u6837\u677f\u300b\uff0chttp:\/\/www.cqgh.org\/html\/ghxw\/20170712\/76250.html,2017\u5e7412\u670830\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a 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