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\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u5965\u5229\u2022\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u3000\u5de5\u4f1a\u3000\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3000\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9<\/p>\n
\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\uff1a\u82cf\u6cbb\uff0c\u674e\u5a9b\uff0c\u8c2d\u854a\uff1b\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u8d22\u7ecf\u5927\u5b66\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/p>\n
\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u52a8\u6001\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c10\u671f<\/p>\n
\u5965\u5229\u2022\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279(OrleyAshenfelter)\u73b0\u4efb\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388,\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u751f\u4e8e1942\u5e74,1964\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u514b\u83b1\u8499\u7279\u2022\u9ea6\u80af\u7eb3\u5b66\u9662(ClaremontMcKennaCollege),1970\u5e74\u83b7\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d,1985-2002\u5e74\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u4e3b\u7f16,2003\u5e74\u83b7IZA\u52b3\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956,2007\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f1a\u6770\u51fa\u8d44\u6df1\u4f1a\u5458,2011\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u6d89\u53ca\u52b3\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762,\u5176\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba,\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6d4b\u5ea6\u5de5\u4f1a\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0e\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5dee\u5f02,\u5e76\u5c06\u5de5\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u59d4\u6258\u4ee3\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7eb3\u5165\u7f62\u5de5\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u4f53\u7cfb,\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5de5\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u53ca\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u30021972\u5e74,\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\u8bc4\u4ef7\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u624b\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u201d(QuantitativeSo-cialProgramEvaluation),\u5176\u5728\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u591a\u6709\u5efa\u6811,\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u201c\u7b80\u6d01\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53ef\u4fe1\u201d,\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u8bd5\u9a8c(Random-izedTrials)\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f15\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7cfb\u7edf,\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u968f\u673a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u7eb5\u5411\u9879\u76ee\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5(LongitudinalPro-gramEvaluationMethods)\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027,\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u7387\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d\u63a8\u65ad\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb,\u4f8b\u5982,\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u80de\u80ce\u63a7\u5236\u9057\u4f20\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u6559\u80b2\u6536\u76ca\u7387,\u4ee5\u4fbf\u907f\u514d\u9057\u4f20\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u6559\u80b2\u6536\u76ca\u7387\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e0a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u4ef2\u88c1\u6cd5\u89c4\u5bf9\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5e9f\u9664\u6559\u804c\u5de5\u5f3a\u5236\u9000\u4f11\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49,\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c,\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e76\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5de7\u5999\u6027,\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027,\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027,\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u67d0\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5f0f,\u5982\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u7b49,\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u5f0f,\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u6a21\u578b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n
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20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5f00\u59cb\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6d4b\u5ea6\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d,\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u4f30\u8ba1\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,H.G.Lewis(1963)\u66fe\u7ecf\u4f30\u8ba1,1957-1958\u5e74\u95f4,\u5de5\u4f1a\u66fe\u4f7f\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5de5\u8d44\u9ad8\u51fa\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u5de5\u8d44\u768410%-15%,\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u3002L.Weiss(1966)\u7528\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u51fa,1959\u5e74\u6280\u5de5\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e0e\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3a30%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002F.Stafford(1974)\u5229\u7528\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8d22\u52a1\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6570\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u51fa,1965\u5e74\u64cd\u4f5c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e0e\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3a26%,\u6280\u5de5\u4e3a24%,\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e3a52%,\u6587\u4e66\u548c\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a18%\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u5de5\u4e1a\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7d20\u8d28\u7b49\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b,V.Fuchs(1971)\u4f30\u8ba1\u51fa\u5de5\u4f1a\u548c\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5de5\u8d44\u5dee\u5f02\u572828%-35%\u4e4b\u95f4,\u800cA.Throop(1968)\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3a30%\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6570\u636e\u9009\u53d6\u548c\u8ba1\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c,\u4f46\u591a\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u90fd\u8981\u9ad8\u4e8eH.G.Lewis(1963)\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c10%-15%\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\u662f,\u65e2\u7136\u52a0\u5165\u5de5\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6536\u76ca,\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u65e0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684?\u89e3\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e0a,\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f30\u8ba1\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b,\u5e76\u5047\u5b9a\u5de5\u4f1a\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7d20\u8d28\u662f\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5916\u751f\u51b3\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf,\u5728\u5c0f\u6837\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b,\u4e14\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u5355\u65b9\u7a0b\u666e\u901a\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5747\u503c\u4e0e\u6761\u4ef6\u65b9\u5dee\u5047\u8bbe\u65f6,\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6709\u504f\u7684,\u8fd9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u8d28\u91cf\u300b(withG.Johnson,1972)\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5c06\u5de5\u4f1a\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7d20\u8d28\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u751f\u53d8\u91cf,\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u5de5\u4f1a\u5de5\u4eba\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6a21\u578b,\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u6837\u672c\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6a21\u578b\u4f30\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u663e\u8457,\u4f46\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u4f1a\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6,\u5c06\u5de5\u4f1a\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7d20\u8d28\u53ca\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de5\u8d44\u8bbe\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u751f\u53d8\u91cf,\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528<\/p>\n
1972\u5e74,\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\u8bc4\u4ef7\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb,\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4,\u4ed6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u8d21\u732e,\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e4b\u7236\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u5fc5\u987b\u7b80\u6d01\u53ef\u4fe1,\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177,\u5f97\u51fa\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba,\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u53d1\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u300a\u4f30\u8ba1\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b(1978)\u548c\u300a\u4f30\u8ba1\u5e94\u7528\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7eb5\u5411\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6548\u7528\u300b(1985)\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5176\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7eb5\u5411\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u201c\u4e8c\u9636\u5dee\u5206\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5(differenceindifferencesmethod)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u5c06\u6837\u672c\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u7c7b\u6307\u6807\u5206\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u975e\u653f\u7b56\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u5206\u7c7b,\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5206\u6790\u524d\u9700\u8981\u5254\u9664\u5404\u79cd\u5916\u5728\u548c\u5185\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b2\u51fb\u5982\u5728\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u53d8\u52a8,\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u6837\u672c\u65f6,\u9700\u8981\u5254\u9664\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56(\u5982\u7a0e\u6536\u653f\u7b56)\u53d8\u52a8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6570\u636e,\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02,\u5982\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5355\u4f4d\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49,\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5728\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u5f15\u5165\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c5e\u6027\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236,\u4ee5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u6d88\u9664\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c5e\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n
20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765,\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u652f\u6301\u5f00\u5c55\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837,\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u88ab\u57f9\u8bad\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8bc4\u4f30\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u529f\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u80fd\u5426\u7528\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f30\u8ba1\u57f9\u8bad\u5bf9\u88ab\u57f9\u8bad\u8005\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u57f9\u8bad\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76,\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u6548\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3,\u95ee\u9898\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762:(1)\u6536\u5165\u5177\u6709\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u6027,\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8981\u6c42,\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u8f83\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u7ed3\u679c,\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6837\u672c\u3002(2)\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u6548\u679c,\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8db3\u591f\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5bf9\u57f9\u8bad\u5b66\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7814\u7a76,\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002(3)\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5584\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u7684\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5728\u300a\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u300b(1978)\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76,\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u57f9\u8bad\u524d\u5de5\u8d44\u5b58\u5728\u4e0b\u964d\u6548\u5e94,\u5373\u53c2\u4e0e\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u5de5\u4eba,\u4e00\u822c\u6536\u5165\u90fd\u8f83\u4f4e;\u53d7\u57f9\u8bad\u5de5\u4eba\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4f30\u73b0\u8c61,\u901a\u7528\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u8bef,\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u57f9\u8bad\u6548\u5e94\u201d(Ashenfelter\u2019sDip)\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u65bd\u524d\u540e\u5fae\u89c2\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u8fdb\u884c\u89c2\u6d4b,\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u65bd\u524d\u540e\u5fae\u89c2\u4e2a\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u91cf\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u653f\u7b56\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u4ed6\u501f\u9274\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5bf9\u57f9\u8bad\u4e0e\u5b66\u5458\u6536\u5165\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790,\u5373\u4ece\u5de5\u4eba\u603b\u4f53\u4e2d\u62bd\u53d6\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u7fa4\u4f53:\u63a5\u53d7\u57f9\u8bad\u7fa4\u4f53(\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ec4)\u548c\u672a\u63a5\u53d7\u57f9\u8bad\u7fa4\u4f53(\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4),\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u57f9\u8bad\u4ec5\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u57f9\u8bad\u5b9e\u65bd\u524d\u540e\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u5206\u6790\u57f9\u8bad\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u57f9\u8bad\u4e0e\u672a\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5dee\u5f02,\u8fdb\u800c\u8bc4\u4f30\u57f9\u8bad\u6548\u679c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8003\u5bdf\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5148\u6cb3\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u540e\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u963f\u7533\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5728\u300a\u5e94\u7528\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7eb5\u5411\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6548\u7528\u300b(withD.Card,1985)\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u88ab\u57f9\u8bad\u8005\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7eb5\u5411\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1CETA(ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingAct)\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027,\u5c06\u6210\u5206\u65b9\u5dee\u6a21\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4,\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u53c2\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u62df\u5408\u5b66\u5458\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e,\u8fdb\u800c\u4f30\u8ba1\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6548\u679c,\u5e76\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u5206\u68c0\u6d4b,\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u95ee\u9898,\u6587\u7ae0\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u5f15\u5165\u968f\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6a21\u578b,\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5,\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
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