\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u9996\u5148\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u5021\u5bfc\u4e0e\u575a\u6301\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e0e\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u81ea\u5c3d\u6240 \u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6765\u94fa\u9648\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8109\u7edc\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u4e88 \u4ee5\u7b80\u8981\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u90a3\u4e24\u9879\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7cbe\u5fae\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b14\u8005\u7684 \u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u601d\u8003\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u6700\u6709\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u636e\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u591f\u5f62\u6210\u826f\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u79e9\u5e8f \u589e\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u80af\u5b9a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\u8fdb\u884c\u627c\u8981\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5728\u5177\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u9074\u9009\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6295\u673a\u53d6\u5de7\u3001\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6 \u4e0b\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8574\u542b\u7740\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u672f\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u201c\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7ba1\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u201d\u7684\u6212\u8c15\uff1b\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5207\u78cb\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ea \u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u624d\u80fd\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u79ef\u7d2f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3000\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u3000\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u3000\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u3000\u4f2f\u6797\u3000\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u9274<\/p>\n
\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\uff1a\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u8f9b\u5927\u5b66\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6821\u533a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7cfb<\/p>\n
\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u00a02011\u5e74\u7b2c7\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00\uff1a <\/strong>\u201c\u4e94\u56db<\/strong>\u201d\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u8c08\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001 \u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u81ea\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u6218\u4e71\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79cd\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6216\u53e3 \u53f7\u4e0a\uff0c\u597d\u6b79\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u8d5e\u6210\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u5148\u751f\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u548c\u529b\u884c\uff0c\u4e0e\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5145\u5206\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8bdd\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\uff08\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5df2\u662f\u5145\u5206 \u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8003\u8651\u4e4b\u5217\uff0c\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e48\u770b\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u672a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u5148\u7b80 \u77ed\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e0b\u8521\u3001\u9648\u4e24\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u94fa\u9648\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u4e16\u754c\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u9898\u7684\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8fdb\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n \u8521\u5143\u57f9\u5148\u751f\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u89c11919\u5e743\u670818\u65e5\u4ed6\u56de\u590d\u6797\u7434\u5357\u7684\u4fe1\u3002\u8521\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eff\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5faa\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u53d6\u517c\u5bb9\u5e76\u5305\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u516c\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b\u201c\u5706\u901a\u5e7f\u5927\u201d\u56db\u5b57\uff0c\u9887\u4e0d\u76f8\u80cc\u4e5f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4e3a\u4f55\u79cd\u5b66\u6d3e\uff0c\u82df\u5176\u8a00\u4e4b\u6210\u7406\uff0c\u6301\u4e4b\u6709\u6545\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u8fbe\u81ea\u7136\u6dd8\u6c70\u4e4b\u8fd0\u547d\u8005\uff0c\u867d\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u800c\u6089\u542c\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u3002{1}<\/p>\n \u8521\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u542c\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u9882\u626c\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u770b\u5230\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8521\u5148\u751f\u63a8\u52a8\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c \u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u3002\u8981\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u5e76\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u601d\u8003\u6e05\u695a\u5b83\u5185\u8574\u7684\u590d\u6742\u542b\u610f\u3002{2}<\/p>\n \u8521\u5148\u751f\u63a8\u5c55\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u6839\u636e\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u4f8b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6b27\u7f8e\uff09\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u4f8b\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u517c\u5bb9\u5e76\u5305\u3002\u7136 \u800c\uff0c\u8521\u5148\u751f\u65e2\u4e0d\u4ece\u6743\u5229\u6216\u6548\u76ca \uff08benefits\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ece\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u7406\u636e\u201d\uff08\u5373\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e3a\u4f55\u79cd\u5b66\u6d3e\u2026\u2026\u5c1a\u4e0d\u8fbe\u81ea\u7136\u6dd8\u6c70\u4e4b\u8fd0\u547d\u8005\u2026\u2026\u6089\u542c\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\uff09\u770b \u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u8bba\u8bf4\u7684\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u662f\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e0e\u4ed6\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\u3001\u4f18\u80dc\u52a3\u8d25\u3001 \u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u8574\u6db5\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\u201c\u89c4\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u62ff\u90a3\u4e00\u5957\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u52bf\u5229\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a\u88ab\u4eba\u9057\u5fd8\u6216\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u7684\u4e1c \u897f\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u518d\u63d0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5927\u5bb6\u9075\u5949\u8fd9\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e3a\u572d\u81ec\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d85\u524d\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u4e0d\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u6240\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u65f6\u8fc7\u5883\u8fc1\u4ee5\u540e\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6027\uff0c\u5982 \u7ef4\u67ef\uff3bGiambattista Vico\uff3d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff09\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u65b0\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5148\u751f\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e43\u4ece\u4ed6\u4e8e1929\u5e74\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u5148\u751f\u81ea\u5c3d\u4e24\u5468\u5e74\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u7891\u94ed\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u77f3\u523b\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u5c79\u7acb\u4e8e\u6e05\u534e\u56ed\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n \u58eb\u4e4b\u8bfb\u4e66\u6cbb\u5b66\uff0c\u76d6\u5c06\u4ee5\u8131\u5fc3\u5fd7\u4e8e\u4fd7\u8c1b\u4e4b\u684e\u688f\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u56e0\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u626c\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6bcb\u5b81\u6b7b\u8033\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5148\u751f\u4e4b\u8457\u8ff0\u6216\u6709\u65f6\u800c\u4e0d\u7ae0\uff0c\u5148\u751f\u4e4b\u5b66\u8bf4\u6216\u6709\u65f6\u800c\u53ef\u5546\uff0c\u60df\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5386\u5343\u4e07\u7940\uff0c\u4e0e\u5929\u58e4\u800c\u540c\u4e45\uff0c\u5171\u4e09\u5149\u800c\u6c38\u5149\u3002{3}<\/p>\n \u9648\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u7eaa\u5ff5\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u5148\u751f\u81ea\u5c3d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u523b\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u7891\u94ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u6216\u4e00\u672c\u8bba\u8bc1\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e13\u6587\u6216\u4e13 \u8457\u3002\u7eaf\u5c31\u7891\u94ed\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6b63\u786e\u4f46\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u53d1\u626c\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u4ece\u201c\u4fd7\u8c1b\u4e4b\u684e\u688f\u201d\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u4fbf\u53ef\u529e\u5230\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e3b\u52a8\u5730\u8ffd\u5bfb\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u771f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5047\u95ee \u9898\u7b49\u7b49\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u81ea\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u4ee5\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u8d5e \u6210\u7684\uff08\u5916\u9762\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u5bf9\u5176\u4fb5\u903c\u4e0e\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u88ab\u7981\u9522\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba \u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u754f\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u60dc\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f4\u9762\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u4e89\u53d6\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u6240\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u5a01\u6b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c48\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u53ef\u6b4c\u53ef \u6ce3\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6df1\u6df1\u611f\u52a8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u7981\u9522\u7f13\u89e3\u6216\u53d6\u6d88\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5411\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5ba2\u89c2\u73af\u5883\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff08\u81f3\u5c11 \u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff09\u76f8\u5f53\u751a\u81f3\u6781\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5374\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u672a\u80fd\u4ece\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u3002\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff1a\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e00 \u65e6\u4ece\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4fbf\u5306\u5fd9\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u5eb8\u4fd7\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u800c\u5eb8\u4fd7\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4fbf\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7b80\u6613\u5730\u4f7f\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00 \u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8be6\u4e0b\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u53cd\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u9664\u4e86\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u63a8\u8bba\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5b66 \u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u6587\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u6240\u52a9\u76ca\u3002\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u843d\u5b9e\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684 \u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5907\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6301\u7eed\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u591a\u5143\u5730\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u5730\u3001\u6709\u5e8f\u5730\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n \u4e8c\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u610f\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n \u8981\u8c08\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531 \uff08negative freedom\uff09 \u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531 \uff08positive freedom\uff09\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u771f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u753120\u4e16\u7eaa\u8457\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u3001 \u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4f2f\u6797\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u524d\u4eba\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8d21\u65af\u5f53\uff3bBenjamin Constant\uff3d\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4ee5\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002{4}<\/p>\n 1. \u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u5176\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n \u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e43\u662f\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u601d\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\uff1f \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53d7\u522b\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u786e\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u601d\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df \uff08\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u4e4b\u5185\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4f5c\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u95ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6216\u7a7a \u95f4\uff09\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u6709\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff1f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u522b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e72\u6270\u4ed6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u5730 \u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5f3a\u5236\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u53ef\u8a00\u3002\u663e\u7136\u5f97\u5f88\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5065\u5168\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb \uff08the rule of law\uff0c \u4e0d\u662f the rule by law\uff09 \u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u843d\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u800c\u4e0d\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u867d\u7136\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u6b27\u7f8e\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u56f0\u6270\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b80\u7565\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c16\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u6297\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5f5320\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5de6\u3001\u53f3\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5c79\u7acb\u4e8e\u98ce\u66b4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b88\u62a4\u7740\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b \u4e49\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u5149\u8363\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\uff08\u5e76\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5236\u6b62\uff09\u540e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u56f0\u6270\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u6269\u6563\u3002<\/p>\n \u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u53ea\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u754c\u5f3a\u5236\u4e0e\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff1f\u591f\u4e0d\u591f\u7528\uff1f\u201d\u5b83\u4e0d\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5185\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684 \u80fd\u529b\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u201d\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u8fc7\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u5e72\u6270\u5230\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u5bf9\u6297\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5176\u8bc9\u6c42\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe \uff08presuppositions\uff09 \u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u6d3e\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fe1\u5176\u6240\u4fe1\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u505a\u4eba\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6559\u517b\u4e0e\u953b\u70bc\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u4fd7 \u5316\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u51b2\u51fb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5df2\u7ecf\u677e\u52a8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5931\u843d\u5f97\u5f88\u5389\u5bb3\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u80a9\u8d1f\u8d77\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u8bb8\u591a\u6b27\u7f8e\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u5df2\u7ecf \u843d\u5b9e\u5e76\u5df2\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u5e74\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u8fc7\u53bb\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb \u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u57f9\u517b\u505a\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u517b\u4e0e\u953b\u70bc\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u5df2\u5931\u843d\u6b86\u5c3d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u503e\u5411\u5374\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f3a\u8c03\u6d88\u6781\u81ea \u7531\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff1a\u8981\u6c42\u6269\u5927\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ece\u5c1a\u5b58\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u5c11\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e74\u9752\u7684\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531 \u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u628a\u201c\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u5f53\u6210\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4ea7\u751f\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u653e\u7eb5\u3001\u5bc2\u5bde\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4e92\u52a0\u5f3a\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u52bf\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148 \uff08Benjamin I. Schwartz\uff09 \u5148\u751f\u5728\u5176\u9057\u7b14\u4e2d\u6240\u8c08\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u201d\uff08the exclusive religion of materialism\uff09 \u7684\u5174\u8d77\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5316\u3001\u5eb8\u4fd7\u5316\u4e0e\u5f02\u5316\u3002{5}<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u843d\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9700\u9760\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u6240\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u7a7a\u95f4\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\u505a\u60ef\u4e86\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ea\u60f3\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u9664\u4e86\u5951\u7ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e92\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u53d8\u6210 \u201c\u539f\u5b50\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5473\u7684\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u4eba\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n \u6839\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u60ef\u6027\u5730\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f3a\u8c03\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u514d\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u773c\u5149\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u7684\u8fdf\u949d\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8bdd\u8fd8\u5f97\u8bf4\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9 \u4e1c\u65b9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6781\u6743\u3001\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740\u4e0d\u5c11\u6781\u6743\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ecd\u7136\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u5c06\u6765\u771f\u6b63\u843d\u5b9e\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd \u4e5f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5c11\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u564e\u5e9f\u98df\uff01\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u53ef\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n 2. \u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u5176\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n \u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8981\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6765\u6e90 \uff08source\uff09 \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u4eba\u53eb\u4ed6\u505a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u2500\u2500\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a\u8981\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u51b3 \u5b9a\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0e\u6765\u81ea\u81ea\u5f8b\u800c\u975e\u5b83\u5f8b\u7684\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c \u4e3a\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5c55\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u7b80\u7565\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u6307\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\uff1b\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\u6291\u6216\u201c\u5c0f\u6211\u201d\uff1f \u5f53\u201c\u5c0f\u6211\u201d\u6eb6\u5165\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u5c0f\u6211\u201d\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5c0f\u6211\u201d\u6eb6\u5165\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c \u624d\u662f\u4ed6\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u4ed6\u53d8\u6210\u670d\u4ece\u201c\u4f53\u73b0\u201d\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u8fdc\u666f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u3002\u4e16\u95f4\u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\uff0c\u5c24\u5176 \u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u7528\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5149\u8000\u6765\u9042\u884c\u5176\u6b8b\u66b4\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u9677\u5165\u81ea\u604b\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u9676\u9189\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e09\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u81ea\u7531 \uff08public liberty\uff09 \u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531 \uff08academic freedom\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n \u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4f17\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4ee520\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u535a\u5170\u5c3c \uff08Michael Polanyi\uff0c 1891-1976\uff09 \u7684\u6709\u5173\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u6df1\u523b\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u539f\u521b\u529b\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u6b63\u59821998\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5956\u8005\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee \uff08Amartya Sen\uff09\u4e3a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u91cd\u65b0\u5370\u884c\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u7684 The Tacit Dimension \u6240\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u201c\u524d\u8a00\u201d\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u201c\u5c16\u9510\u7684 \uff08penetrating\uff09\u3001\u5bcc\u9976\u7684 \uff08fertile\uff09\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u6df1\u8fdc\u800c\u5177\u521b\u5efa\uff08\u65b0\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff08\u529b\u91cf\u7684\uff09\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3 \uff08far-reaching and foundational philosophical ideas\uff09\u201d \uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e \uff08truly grand contribution\uff09\u201d \u3002{6}\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u5173\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u2500\u2500\u6b63\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u5bf9\u4e8e\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u601d\u60f3\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u8d5e\u8bb8\u4e0e\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u2500\u2500\u8db3\u53ef\u62c5\u5f53\u5f97\u8d77\u201c\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u89c1\u201d\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u6839\u636e\u535a \u5170\u5c3c\u6240\u8457Foundations of Academic Freedom{7}\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u601d\u8003\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u64b0\u6210\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b14\u8005\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u8981\u8c08\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6709\u5173\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u5b58\u800c\u4e0d\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n \u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5219\u4e0d\u6b62\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5e26\u6765\u589e\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5185\u6240\u5e94\u627f \u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6784\u6210\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u6c9f\u901a\u3001\u5207\u78cb\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\uff08order\uff09\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u6240\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5f53\u5176\u843d\u5b9e\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u907f\u514d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f0a\u75c5\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u90fd\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5374\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec \u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7531\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\u662f\uff1a\u516c\u5171\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n 1. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\n \u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6709\u5173\u7ec6\u8282\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u754c\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u540c\u65f6\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6559\u6388\u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u201d{8}<\/p>\n \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u4eab\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u4ece\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u6839\u636e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7ed9\u5b83\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u5f97\u5f88\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002 \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u589e\u8fdb\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u6ee1\u8db3\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u4e4b\u5185\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bb2\uff1a\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u4e4b\u5185\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u7b49\u4e00\u7b49\u201d\u3002\u957f\u671f \u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u5f88\u96be\u8bb2\u5f97\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u53bb\u505a\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n \u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u636e\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u7efc\u5408\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8bba\u8bc1\u90fd\u6709\u9884\u8bbe\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u9884\u8bbe\u7740\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684 \u4eba\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5fd7\u4e1a\u3002{9} \uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u628a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5f53\u4f5c\u5b66\u672f\u516c\u5173\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ea\u80fd\u8ffd\u9010\u5b66\u672f\u98ce\u6f6e\u6216\u65f6\u5c1a\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u53d1\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5747\u4e0d\u5728\u8003\u8651\u4e4b\u5217\u3002\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u9075\u5b88\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u672f \u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n 2. \u8bba\u8bc1\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u636e<\/p>\n \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5165\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6700\u6709\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u591f\u5f62\u6210\u826f\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u79e9\u5e8f\u589e\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u80af\u5b9a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u4e0b\u5217\u4e09\u70b9\u4e88\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u793e\u7fa4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff08\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u534f\u8c03\uff09\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u91ca\u653e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b66\u672fimpulses \u800c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201cimpulses\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u7528\u76f4\u8bd1\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u51b2\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b66\u8005\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u987a\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ff5 \u5934\u60f3\u4e0b\u53bb\u3001\u95ee\u4e0b\u53bb\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5ff5\u5934\u201d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u601d\u8003\u4ed6\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4ed6\u8d5e\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48 \u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0e\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u8c03\u8282 \uff08adjustment\uff09 \u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u201c\u5f53\u4ed6\u53c2\u8003\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8282\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u5c24\u6709\u8fdb\u8005\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u5f7c\u6b64\u8c03\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u5f53 \u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u522b\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6700\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6210\u5206\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u522b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u5982\u6b64 \u6301\u7eed\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u201d{10}<\/p>\n \u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8bba\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8574\u6db5\u7740\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3 \u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e0e\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9700\u5916\u5728\u6743\u5a01\u4ecb\u5165\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u3001\u81ea\u53d1\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f \uff08spontaneous and mutually coordinative order\uff09\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u6307\u4ee4\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7528\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u7279\u6027\u6bd4\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u8d34\u5207\u3002\u5728\u5b66 \u672f\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u76f4\u89c9\uff08\u7075\u611f\uff09\u3001\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u534f\u8c03\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u523a\u6fc0\uff1a\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700 \u80fd\u589e\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ea7\u751f\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5f88\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u6bd4 \u55bb\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5047\u82e5\u6446\u5728\u4f60\u9762\u524d\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6253\u6563\u4e86\u7684\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u62fc\u56fe\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u628a\u6253\u6563\u6210\u5404\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u5c0f\u5757\u62fc\u6210\u539f\u6765\u7684\u56fe\u6848\uff1f\u662f\u4f60\u81ea \u5df1\u505a\uff1f\u6216\u627e\u51e0\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\uff1f\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd8\u662f\u627e\u51e0\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u6765\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u62fc\u6210\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f60\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u529e\u6cd5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\uff1f\u628a\u62fc\u56fe\u590d \u5236\uff0c\u8bf7\u6bcf\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u81ea\u5df1\u62ff\u4e00\u4efd\u56de\u5bb6\u4e13\u5fc3\u53bb\u62fc\u51d1\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u63a8\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f53\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u6307\u6325\u5927\u5bb6\u53bb\u505a\uff1f\u8003\u8651\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1a\u8fd8\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5927\u5bb6\u805a\u62e2\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u53bb\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u5927 \u5bb6\u770b\u7740\u4f60\u4eec\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u62fc\u51fa\u6765\u4e00\u5757\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u60f3\u6cd5\u62fc\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u5757\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bbe\u6cd5\u4ece\u521a\u624d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u5730\u62fc\u6210\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53bb\u8bbe\u60f3\u5982\u4f55\u62fc\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u5757\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u5730\u72ec\u7acb\u5224 \u65ad\uff0c\u5bc6\u5207\u914d\u5408\u7740\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u505a\u6210\u7684\u62fc\u51d1\uff0c\u53bb\u6c42\u5f97\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u62fc\u51d1\u3002\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6307 \u4ee4\u6765\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5176\u6210\u5458\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u4e92\u8c03\u8282\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u3001\u81ea\u53d1\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b2c \u4e09\uff0c\u53cd\u9762\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1a\u628a\u5b66\u8005\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6700\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u4e0e\u76f8\u4e92\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u521a\u624d\u8c08\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b64\u72ec\u5730\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5bb6\u91cc \u505a\u62fc\u56fe\uff0c\u6700\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u5b64\u72ec\u5730\u505a\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u4e0d\u53c2\u8003\u522b\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ddf\u522b\u4eba\u5207\u78cb\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u51fa\u6210\u7ee9\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n 3. \u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u80cc\u540e\uff09\u6240\u8574\u542b\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n \u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u521b\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u8574\u542b\u7740\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65f6\u6240\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n \uff081\uff09\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5 \uff08passion\uff09 \u4e0e\u51b2\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u5c0f\u6211\u201d\u8ba4\u540c\u201c\u5927\u6211\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u52a8\u8ffd\u5bfb\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7 \u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5b66\u672f\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3a\u5176\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fb9\u7586\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u5f85\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5fd9\u7740\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u6765\u4e0d\u53ca\uff0c\u54ea\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u81ea\u6211\u9676\u9189\uff1f<\/p>\n \uff082\uff09\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u672a\u6ed1\u843d\u5230\u8981\u6c42\u4ece\u4e00\u5207\u675f\u7f1a\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d8\u5f97\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u653e\u7eb5\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u611f\u5bc2\u5bde\uff1b\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u4e0e \u6b64\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u8303 \uff08norms\uff09 \u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b \uff08discipline\uff09 \uff08\u4e5f\u53ef\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u675f\u7f1a\u201d\uff09\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0e\u522b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u5207\u78cb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n \uff083\uff09\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7406\u636e\uff1a\u6700\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u7684\uff09\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6709\u751f\u673a\u800c\u975e\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u8574\u542b\u7740\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002\u800c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u5219\u6839\u636e\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u7740\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u6700\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u81ea\u52a8\u3001\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u5207\u78cb\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u5207\u78cb\u201d\u5f53\u7136\u5305\u62ec\u5f7c\u6b64\u6539\u6b63\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u6e05 \u695a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e92\u60e0\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0e\u5207\u78cb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4fe1\u4efb\uff1b\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0e \u5207\u78cb\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e13\u5fc3\u81f4\u5fd7\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u5230\u4ed6\u6709\u5174\u8da3 \u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u82b1\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cbe\u529b\u53bb\u5e94\u4ed8\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u7b49\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u8574\u542b\u7740\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c \u5f3a\u5316\u5f7c\u6b64\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e0e\u9690\u542b\u7684\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u591f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u751f\u673a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9 \u6837\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5c06\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7ed9\u4e88\u516c\u5e73\u5f85\u9047\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u521b\u53d1\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c \u624d\u80fd\u4e13\u5fc3\u53bb\u505a\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n \uff084\uff09\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u5171\u548c\u56fd \uff08The Republic of Sciences\uff09 \u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u624d\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e2d\u4eab\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4fe1\u6258\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9 \u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u65f6\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u56db\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. \u6839\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u610f\u662f\uff1a\u5c3d\u91cf\u4f7f\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u4eab\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6108\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e00\u6d41\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u4eab\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6108\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n \u6240\u8c13\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e94\u8be5 \u201c\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d\u3002\u5c11\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cbe\u529b\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u4e2d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u521d\u671f\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u793e\u4f1a \u8fdb\u5165\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff09\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ed1\u843d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bb8\u591a \u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u88ab\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\u3001\u7533\u8bf7\u3001\u8bc4\u6bd4\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u516c\u5e03\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u6309\u89c4\u7ae0\u529e\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6269\u5145\u4e86\u5b98 \u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\uff0c\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u7ae0\u662f\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u8bb8\u591a\u89c4\u7ae0\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5f00 \u4f1a\u3001\u7533\u8bf7\u3001\u8bc4\u9274\u3001\u586b\u5199\u5404\u79cd\u8868\u683c\u3001\u51c6\u5907\u5404\u79cd\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u53bb\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u505a\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u65e0\u5f62\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e72 \u6270\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff1a<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u9074\u9009\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u627e\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u6d41\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u4ece\u4e8b\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e \/ \u6216\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u627e\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u6295\u673a\u53d6\u5de7\u3001\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6240\u4ee5 \u201c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u00b7H\u00b7\u5948\u7279\uff08Frank H. Knight \uff09\u6559\u6388\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff08\uff3b\u8ffd\u5bfb\uff3d\u771f\u7406\u6216\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5219\u2026\u2026\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u9884\u8bbe\u7740\u6b63\u76f4\uff0c\u80dc\u4efb\u4e0e\u8c26\u865a\u2026\u2026\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba9\u81ea\u7531 \u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u4f1a\u3002\u201d\uff08\u201cThe basic principle of science-truth or objectivity-is essentially a moral principle …… The presuppositions of objectivity are integrity\uff0c competence\uff0c humility …… All coercion is absolutely excluded in favor of free meeting of free minds.\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n 2. \u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u4e0e\u5984\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5982\u679c\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u591a\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u57f9\u80b2\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u751f\u673a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u4e0e\u5984\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n 3. \u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5173\uff1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u201c\u6559\u6388\u6cbb\u6821\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5760\u5165\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u4e89\u593a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u70b9\u5230\u4e3a\u6b62\uff1b\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u4e13\u6587\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n 4. \u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u9274\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u6240\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8bc4\u9274\u505a\u5f97\u516c\u5141\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u9664\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u673d\u6728\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7ef4\u6301\u5b66\u672f\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4f46\uff0c\u8bc4 \u9274\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5353\u8d8a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u8ffd\u6c42\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6709 \u8bc4\u9274\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc4\u9274\u5236\u5ea6\u800c\u589e\u51cf\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5b66\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u97e6\u4f2f\u3001\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u3001\u535a\u5170\u5c3c\u3001\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u7b49\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d7\u5230\u8bc4\u9274 \u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u6216\u9f13\u52b1\u800c\u5199\u51fa\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u4eec\u90a3\u4e9b\u5de8\u8457\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e00\u822c\u5b66\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u8bc4\u9274\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u591a\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5728\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e4b\u5185\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6709\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u4ed8\u751a\u81f3\u8ba8\u597d\u8bc4\u9274\u800c\u505a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e0d\u5c11\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u54c1\u8d28\u4e0a\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u5982\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u4e0d\u5728\u8bc4\u9274\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u591a\u82b1\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b14\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e00\u5207\u8bc4\u9274\u7686\u5e94\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u5f97\u5b9c\uff0c\u8bc4\u9274\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u884c\u653f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u8bc4\u9274\u4e0d\u53ef\u505a\u5f97\u592a\u9891\u7e41\uff08\u636e\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u7684\u8bc4 \u9274\uff0c\u6bcf\u5341\u5e74\u6216\u66f4\u4e45\u624d\u505a\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u591a\u534a\u662f\u8d70\u8d70\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u5398\u6e05\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9192\u90a3\u4e9b\u70ed\u8877\u8bc4\u9274\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u8bc4\u9274\u6240\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6210\u679c\u8d85 \u8fc7\u8bc4\u9274\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u671f\u4fbf\u72af\u4e86\u6000\u6d77\u5fb7\uff08Alfred North Whitehead\uff09\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9519\u7f6e\u5177\u4f53\u611f\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08fallacy of misplaced concreteness\uff09\u201d\u3002{11}<\/p>\n * \u672c\u6587\u521d\u7a3f\u662f2006\u5e74\u4e3a\u53f0\u6e7e\u201c\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u201d\u7684\u201c\u94b1\u601d\u4eae\u9662\u957f\u8bb2\u5ea7\u201d\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u5927\u7eb2\u3002\u8bb2\u8fc7\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u758f\u7565\u548c\u672a\u6263\u7262\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u540e\u6765 \u53c8\u5728\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u590f\u8bb2\u575b\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9999\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\u5927\u5b6625\u5468\u5e74\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u5b66\u4eba\u8bb2\u5ea7\u201d\u8bb2\u8fc7\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5747\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 2009\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u8bb2\u8fc7\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u611f\u5230\u5185\u5bb9\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u6574\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u62d9\u6587\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u6839\u636e2009\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u5927\u7eb2\uff0c\u589e\u8865\u540e\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u76db \u60c5\u9080\u7ea6\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7b14\u8005\u7ec8\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8c28\u6b64\u656c\u81f4\u8c22\u5ff1\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011 \u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u9996\u5148\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u5021\u5bfc\u4e0e\u575a\u6301\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e0e\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u81ea […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-12880","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-wiki"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12880","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12880"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12880\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12880"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12880"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8109\u7edc\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b14\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9898\u76ee\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5173\u6000<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n{1}\u8521\u5143\u57f9\uff1a\u300a\u81f4\u3008\u516c\u8a00\u62a5\u3009\u51fd\u5e76\u7b54\u6797\u7434\u5357\u51fd\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u516c\u8a00\u62a5\u300b1919\u5e744\u67081\u65e5\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u300a\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c3\u5377\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c576\u9875\u3002\u6b64\u4fe1\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u6f6e\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u3002
\n{2} \u6b64\u5904\u7684\u201c\u542b\u610f\u201d\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u6216\u8bed\u8a00\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u7406\u5ff5\u6240\u542b\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6216 \/ \u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587 \u201cimplications\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u4e2d\u53e6\u6709\u201c\u542b\u4e49\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6db5\u4e49\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u5b83\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u201c\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u201c\u542b\u4e49\u201d \u6216\u201c\u6db5\u4e49\u201d\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u5206\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5219\u60f3\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u533a\u5206\u5f97\u4e25\u683c\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002
\n{3}\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\uff1a\u300a\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u96c6\u00b7\u91d1\u660e\u9986\u4e1b\u7a3f\u4e8c\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c246\u9875\u3002
\n{4}Isaiah Berlin\uff0c \u201cTwo Concepts of Liberty\uff0c\u201d in Isaiah Berlin\uff0c The Proper Study of Mankind\uff0c Henry Hardy & Roger Hausheer\uff08eds.\uff09\uff0c New York\uff1a Farrar\uff0c Straus and Giroux\uff0c 1998\uff0c pp. 191-242.
\n{5}Lin Yu-sheng\uff0c \u201cIntroduction to Benjamin I. Schwartz\u2019 \u2018China and Contemporary Millenarianism-Something New under the Sun\u2019 \u201d and Benjamin I. Schwartz\uff0c \u201cChina and Contemporary Millenarianism-Something New under the Sun\uff0c\u201d Philosophy East and West\uff0c Vol. 51\uff0c No. 2 \uff08April 2001\uff09\uff0c pp. 189-196\uff1b \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u6587\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u89c1\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u3001\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\uff08\u8457\uff09\uff0c\u6797\u540c\u5947\u3001\u5218\u5510\u82ac\uff08\u8bd1\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5f53\u4eca\u5343\u79a7\u5e74\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u592a\u9633\u5e95\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u6869\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u90d1\u57f9\u51ef\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4e5d\u5dde\u5b66\u6797\u300b 2003\u5e74\u51ac\u5b631\u53772\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c258 ~ 271\u9875\u3002\u53e6\u53c2\u9605\u7b14\u8005\u4e0e\u738b\u5143\u5316\u5148\u751f\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u518d\u4ee4\u4eba\u7740\u8ff7\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5316\u3001\u5eb8\u4fd7\u5316\u4e0e\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u5143\u5316\uff1a\u300a\u6c89\u601d\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u8f9e\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e 2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c65 ~ 71\u9875\u3002
\n{6}Amartya Sen\uff0c \u201cForeword\uff0c\u201d in Michael Polanyi\uff0c The Tacit Dimension\uff0c Chicago\uff1a University of Chicago Press\uff0c 2009\uff0c pp. vii-xvi.
\n{7}Michael Polanyi\uff0c \u201cFoundations of Academic Freedom\uff0c\u201d in Michael Polanyi\uff0c The Logic of Liberty\uff0c London\uff1a Routledge and Kegan Paul\uff0c 1951\uff0c pp. 32-48\uff1b Indianapolis\uff1a Liberty Fund\uff0c 1998\uff0c pp. 39-58.
\n{8}\u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 33\uff1b p. 41\u3002
\n{9} \u5728\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\uff1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff1f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u8ff0\uff1a\u94b1\u6c38\u7965\uff08\u7f16\u8bd1\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5b66 \u672f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\uff1a\u97e6\u4f2f\u9009\u96c6\uff08I\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u8fdc\u6d41\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f81991\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c131 \uff5e 167\u9875\u3002 \u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u65b0\u8bd1\uff1aMax Weber\uff0c The Vocation Lectures\uff0c David Owen and Tracy B. Strong \uff08eds.\uff09\uff0c Rodney Livingstone \uff08tran.\uff09\uff0c Indianapolis\uff1a Hackett Publishing Co.\uff0c 2004\uff0c pp. 1-31.
\n{10}\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c pp. 34-35\uff1b pp. 42-43\u3002
\n{11}\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u9519\u7f6e\u5177\u4f53\u611f\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u62d9\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u91cd \u5efa\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u5728\u62d9\u8457\u300a\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4eba\u7269\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u8054\u7ecf\u51fa\u7248\u4e8b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f81983\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3 \uff5e 55\u9875\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c24 \uff5e 25\u9875\uff09\uff1b\u6216\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8f6c\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971988\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3 \uff5e 42\u9875\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c18 \uff5e 19\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"