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\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e14\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a \u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u5374\u906d\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u8bc1\u9884\u8a00\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5c34\u5c2c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8427\u6761\u548c\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5fc5\u7136\u8054\u5408\u8d77 \u6765\u63a8\u7ffb\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff08\u51b2\u7a81\u6027\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff09\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\uff08Jonathan H. Turner\uff0c1998\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/p>\n
\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5bfb\u6c42\u4f9d\u636e\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u660e\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u59cb\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u5f97\u5230\u597d\u5904\uff08Jonathan H. Turner\uff0c1998\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4ece\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u9700\u6c42\u201d\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b32\u671b\u6216\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5165\u624b\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u80fd\u5426\u751f\u53d1\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u8bba\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4ea4\u6362\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u95f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u6362\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4eba \u9645\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5206\u6790\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5206\u6790\u3002\u970d\u66fc\u65af\u5728\u5bf9\u5217\u7ef4\u2014\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7ed3\u6784\u8bba\u3001\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u52a0\u4ee5\u6279\u5224\u5438\u6536\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86 \u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u516d\u5927\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u6210\u529f\u547d\u9898\u3001\u523a\u6fc0\u547d\u9898\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u547d\u9898\u3001\u5265\u593a \/ \u6ee1\u8db3\u547d\u9898\u3001\u653b\u51fb \/ \u8d5e\u540c\u547d\u9898\u548c\u7406\u6027\u547d\u9898\uff08George C. Homans\uff0c1961\uff09\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u970d\u66fc\u65af\u5efa\u6784\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u89e3\u91ca\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u884c\u52a8 \uff1d \u4ef7\u503c \u00d7 \u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f30\u7b97\u5404\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u4ef7\u503c\u4ee5\u53ca\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u62a5\u916c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6765\u4f5c\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5fae\u89c2 \u5206\u6790\u5bcc\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u83b7\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u970d\u66fc\u65af\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7b80\u5355 \u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u504f\u91cd\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ed3\u6784\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u6790\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5e03\u52b3\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f25\u8865\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u51b2\u7a81\u7406\u8bba\u8f83\u597d\u5730\u6253\u901a\u4e86\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u540c \u65f6\u4e5f\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u5730\u7ecf\u5386\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u8d8a\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31 \u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8d8a\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u56e2\u7ed3\u611f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8d8a\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u6d88\u89e3\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6027\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\uff08\u5e03\u52b3\uff0c1988\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5e03\u52b3\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49 \u4ea4\u6362\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u611f\u3001\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u56e2\u7ed3\u611f\u7b49\u7b49\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5e03\u52b3\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u5927\u81f4\u9075\u5faa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6761\u903b\u8f91\uff1a \u6ee1\u8db3\u9700\u6c42 \u2192 \u53c2\u4e0e\u4ea4\u6362 \u2192 \u4ea4\u6362\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7b49 \u2192 \u6743\u529b\u5931\u8861 \u2192 \u88ab\u5265\u593a\u611f\u3001\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u5524\u8d77 \u2192 \u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u4e5f\u5c06\u5265\u593a\u611f\u548c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u7b49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f15\u53d1\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b63\u5982\u8fc8\u8036\u5c14\u00b7N\u00b7\u624e\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Mayer N. Zald\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u6216\u5265\u593a\u611f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u6216\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u53c2\u52a0\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff08Zald\uff0c Mayer N.\uff0c and Roberta Ash\uff0c1980\uff09\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u5458\u7684\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6210\u5458\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u5458\u3002\u800c\u52a8\u5458\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6210\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c \u52a8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u540c\u6837\u662f\u9700\u8981\u652f\u4ed8\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u8bba\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5728\u52a8\u5458\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u2014\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u7b97\u8ba1\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ea0 \u6b63\u8fd9\u79cd\u758f\u5ffd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u6ed1\u5411\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u7ed9\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\uff09\u548c\u5e03\u52b3\uff08\u4ea4\u6362\u8bba\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u628a\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5e03\u52b3\u5c06 \u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4ea4\u6362\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u624d\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u529b\u91cf\u65e0\u6cd5\u7f14\u9020\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u624d \u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u6216\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u6c60\u5858\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4fdd \u62a4\u4e0e\u5408\u7406\u5229\u7528\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\u751a\u5fae\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u53ef \u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u7279\u522b\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u7684\u597d\u5904\u800c\u805a\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\uff08Ehtics viii.9.1160a.\uff09\u3002\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\uff08Leon Festinger\uff0c1953\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u624d\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7fa4\u4f53\u6709\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u521d\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u8fd9\u5386\u6765\u662f\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\uff08\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5 \u4fc3\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u5177\u6709\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684 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\u666e\u904d\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u6bd4\u7387\u5f3a\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8d6b\u514b\u7279\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u8d4f\u7f5a\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u96c6\u4f53\u5408\u4f5c\u7684 \u91cd\u8981\u53d8\u91cf\uff08Michael Hechter\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5c14\u66fc\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5177\u6709\u4e8c\u91cd\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u96c6\u4f53 \u884c\u52a8\u7684\u63a8\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u963b\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u3001\u7b97\u8ba1\u7684\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u8d44\u6e90\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u642d\u4fbf \u8f66\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e0e\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u65e0\u7591\u4f1a\u7ed9\u96c6\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u6d88\u6781\u5916\u90e8\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u96c6\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u4eab\u7528\u7684\u6548\u7528\u964d \u4f4e\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u6d88\u6781\u5916\u90e8\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7528\uff08Jame S. Coleman\uff0c1990\uff09\u3002\u800c\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u9075\u4ece\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u65e2\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u963b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6740\u624b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u884c\u4e3a\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4fc3\u6210\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u6bd4\u7387\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\uff1f\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5f00 \u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u826f\u65b9\u5999\u836f\u3002\u5965\u5c14\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8981\u9650\u5236\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u8bf1\u56e0\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5956\u8d4f\u3001\u60e9\u7f5a\u8fd8\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7684\u5956\u7f5a\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\uff0c\u90fd\u9700 \u8981\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ed8\u51fa\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u6210\u672c\u63a5\u8fd1\u6216\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u653e\u5f03\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5956\u7f5a\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u5c31\u53c8\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u4e3a\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u8fd9 \u79cd\u4e24\u96be\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u8d6b\u514b\u7279\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u8d4f\u7f5a\u6210\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u5212\u7b97\u7684\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4e49\u52a1\u6027\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u548c\u5bf9\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u7684\u98ce\u9669 \u548c\u51cf\u5c11\u76d1\u63a7\u8d4f\u7f5a\u6210\u672c\uff08Michael Hechter\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u56e0\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u8d4f\u7f5a\uff0c\u5c31\u5c3d\u91cf\u5bfb\u6c42\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\uff1a\u5efa\u6784\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3 \u6784\u4f7f\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u6765\u8bb2\u662f\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u5458\u52a0\u5165\u67d0\u4e00\u516c\u5171\u4eea\u5f0f\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u5176\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u503e\u5411\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d4f \u7f5a\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u8303\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u8ba9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u5206\u62c5\u76d1\u63a7\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u62a5\u916c\u7ed9\u7fa4\u4f53\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u9690\u79c1\u6709\u9650\u3001\u544a\u5bc6\u8005\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u62a5\u916c\u3001\u6d41\u8a00\u53d7\u5230\u9f13\u52b1\u7b49\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u65b9\u53ef\u5b9e \u65bd\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5438\u6536\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u8425\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5931\u8bef\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3002\u8d4f\u7f5a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5316\u7684\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u9020\u58f0\u671b\u7b49\u7ea7\u548c\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58f0\u671b \u7b49\u7ea7\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u62a5\u916c\u6765\u521b\u9020\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u8d4f\u7f5a\uff0c\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8d8a\u8f68\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u6027\u7684\u8d4f\u7f5a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5730\u7406\u9694\u7edd\u3001\u5f3a\u52a0\u8fdb\u5165\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u9700\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u56de\u6536\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3001 \u9650\u5236\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u5916\u8054\u7cfb\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u9000\u51fa\u6210\u672c\uff08Michael Hechter\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u89e3\u91ca\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u96be\u4ee5\u56de\u907f\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u8131\u79bb\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005 \uff08Ferree\uff0cMyra Marx\uff0cand Beth B. Hess\uff0c1985\uff09\uff1b\u4e2a\u4f53\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\uff08Melucci\uff0cAlberto\uff0c1989\uff09\uff1b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u610f\u8bc6 \u5f62\u6001\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u90fd\u56e0\u6b64\u53d8\u6210\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c6\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u548c\u65e0\u5173\u5b8f\u65e8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff08Aldon D. Morris\uff0cand Cedric Herring\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u8005\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5927\u90fd\u6301\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5f3a\u5236\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6fc0\u52b1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u5927\u91cf \u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6781\u5927\u8bbd\u523a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u4f9d\u636e\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u800c\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8be0\u91ca<\/p>\n
\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u8bba\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5230\u4ee5\u5e03\u52b3\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u51b2\u7a81\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4ee5\u5965\u5c14\u68ee\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7406 \u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u7531 \u7ed3\u6784\u56e0\u7d20\u5524\u8d77\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71 \u54cd\uff1b\u4ea4\u6362\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u867d\u7136\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e2a\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4eba\u9645\u4e92\u52a8\uff08\u4ea4\u6362\uff09\u7684\u5185\u9a71\u529b\uff08\u4eba\u9645\u4e92\u52a8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5931\u8861\u5c06\u5524\u8d77\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\uff08\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u611f\u3001\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea \u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5374\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5728\u5efa\u6784\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u7406\u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03 \u800c\u6ed1\u5411\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5927\u591a\u60b2\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u52a0\u4ee5\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u7136\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5bf9\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u4ea7 \u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u5728\u8003\u8651\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u5931\u504f\u9887\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u9047\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\u5f80\u5f80\u9677\u5165\u624b\u8db3\u65e0\u63aa\u7684\u5c34\u5c2c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u52a0\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c \u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u548c\u66f4\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u89e3\u91ca\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6765\u9610\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u673a\u5236\uff08Morris and Mueller\uff0c1992\uff1bMcAdam\uff0cMcCarthy and Zald\uff0c1996\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u514b\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u3001\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7A\u00b7\u65af\u8bfa\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7D\u00b7\u672c\u7279\u798f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6709\u6240\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u7406 \u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u90fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7f3a\u9677\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u6210\u5206\u52a0\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u8981\u5bf9\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u8f6c\u5316\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a \u5efa\u6784\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u4ece\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u8f6c\u5316\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8ba4\u771f\u52a0\u4ee5\u5ba1\u89c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53d8\u91cf\u6709\u673a\u8054\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684 \u6709\u673a\u8054\u7ed3\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u50ac\u751f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u514b\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5206\u914d\u6216\u4ea4\u6362\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5f15\u8d77\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee \u9898\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u72b6\u51b5\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u5bdf\u89c9\uff08Bert Klandermans\uff0c and Dirk Oegama\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u201c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u793e\u4f1a\u6297\u8bae\uff08\u51b2\u7a81\u6027\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff09\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c1\u89e3\u6b63\u5728\u8d62\u5f97\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u73b0\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u96c6 \u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff08Klandermans Bert\uff0c1989b\uff09\u3002\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6210\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff08\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u6216\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u611f\uff09\u5373\u4f7f\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u6216\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u6216\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f \u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u6027\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff08Zald\uff0cMayer N.\uff0cand Bert Useem\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u9700\u8981\u91d1\u94b1\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6210\u5458\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u52a8\u5458\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210 \u4e3a\u6ce1\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7406\u8bba\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7406\u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u90fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u5230\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4ece\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u8f6c\u5316\u5230\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u3001 \u51b3\u5b9a\u8c01\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u4e2d\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u5f97\u4ee5\u5efa\u6784\u8d77\u6765\uff08Klandermans\uff0cBert\uff0cand Dirk Oegama\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u800c\u8270\u96be\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u514b\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u662f\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u516c\u5171\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c6\u4f53\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u8f6c\u578b\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7531 \u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u52a8\u5458\u6218\u5f79\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u529d\u8bf4\u6027\u6c9f\u901a\u5c42\u6b21\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u5e55\u5e55\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u5c42\u6b21 \uff08Klandermans\uff0cBert and Sidney Tarrow\uff0c1988\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u5171\u610f\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u5171\u610f\u52a8\u5458\u548c\u5171\u610f\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u5171\u610f\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u6307\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff1b\u5171 \u610f\u52a8\u5458\u662f\u6307\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u4f53\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e9a\u7fa4\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u5171\u610f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff1b\u5171\u610f\u63d0\u5347\u662f\u6307\u5171\u610f\u7684\u8986\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5927\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u683c\u5c40\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8c03\u6574\u4e14\u5728\u8c03\u6574\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u67d0\u4e9b\u9636\u5c42\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5265\u593a\u611f\u4e0d\u65ad\u751f\u6210\u548c\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u4e2d \u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6028\u6068\u751f\u4ea7\u573a\uff0c\u6028\u6068\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c06\u6028\u6068\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u4e0e\u5b83\u5bf9\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8f6c\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u6028\u6068\u4e1b\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5236\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u4fdd\u536b\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u5341\u5206\u6709\u9650\u6216\u8005\u65e0 \u6548\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\uff09\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6709\u5904\u7406\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\uff08\u5218\u80fd\uff0c2004\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883 \u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u9047\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d8\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u3002\u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u51b2\u7a81\u6027\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u4ee5\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4ed8\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u672c\u800c \u6700\u540e\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u5904\u7406\u6536\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4f7f\u5f97\u6f5c\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6ca1\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6f5c\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u89c2\u671b\u548c\u7b49\u5f85\uff0c\u5bf9\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5173 \u7cfb\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6240\u80fd\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4f1a\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u201c\u67aa\u6253\u51fa\u5934\u9e1f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u79cb\u540e\u7b97\u5e10\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6740\u9e21\u5106\u7334\u201d\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5728\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d \u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbf\u88ad\u4e0b\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u57281989\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5176\u89d2\u8272\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u89d2\u8272\u5f62\u8c61\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u671d\u5411\u6539 \u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u5411\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6c34\u5e73\u4e25\u91cd\u504f\u4f4e\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u95ee\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u5236\u7ea6\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u74f6\u9888\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u628a\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u5206 \u5b50\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0e\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u5883\u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5904\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u52a0\u901f\u671f\uff0c\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f7f\u65b0\u7684\u793e \u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u53d8\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ea6\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4eba\u9645\u4e92\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u5851\u5171\u540c\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u5438\u9644\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7f51\u7edc \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5218\u80fd\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5207\u5408\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u9488\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6\u00b7\u6c83\u7279\u65af\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n \u5218\u80fd\uff0c\u201c\u6028\u6068\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u52a8\u5458\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b2004\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n \u5e03\u52b3\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n Zald\uff0c Mayer N\uff0c and Roberta Ash. 1980. \u201cSocial Movement Industries\uff1a Co-operation and Conflict among Social Movement Organizations\u201d\uff0c Research in Social Movement\uff1a Conflicts and Change\uff0c 3\uff1a1-20.<\/p>\n Leon Festinger\uff0c \u201cGroup Attraction and Membership\u201d in Group Dynamics\uff0c ed. 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New Brunswick\uff0c N.J.\uff1a Transaction Books.<\/p>\n Klandermans\uff0c Bert\uff0cand Dirk Oegama. 1987. \u201cPotentials\uff0cNet-works\uff0c Motivations and Barriers\u201d\uff0c American Sociological Review\uff0c 52\uff1a 519-31.<\/p>\n Klandermans\uff0c Bert.and Sidney Tarrow. 1988. \u201cMobilization into Social Movements\uff1a Synthesizing European and American Approachs\u201d in Klandermans\uff0c Bert\uff0c Hanspeter Kriese\uff0c and Sidney Tarrow\uff0c eds. From Structure to action\uff1a Comparing Social Movement Participation across Cultures\uff0c International Social Movement Research\uff0cVol.1. Greenwich\uff0cConn\uff1a JAI Press.<\/p>\n Di Giacomo\uff0c J.P. 1980. \u201cIntergroup Alliances and Rejections with a Protest Movement\uff1a Analysis of Social Representations\u201d\uff0c European Journal of Social Psychology\uff0c 10\uff1a309-22.<\/p>\n Mansbridge\uff0c Janes L.1986. 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Morris\uff0c and Cedric Herring. 1987. \u201cTheory and Research in Social Movements\uff1a A Critical Review\u201d in Samuel Long ed\uff0c Annual Review of Political Behavior\uff0c Vol.2. Norwood\uff0c N.J.\uff1a Ablex.<\/p>\n Freire\uff0c Jo. 1979. \u201cRerource Mobilization and Strategy\uff1a A Model for Analyzing Social Movement Organizational Actions\u201d pp.167-89 in The Dynamics of Social Movements\uff0c ed. M. N. Zald and J. D. McCarthy. Cambridge\uff0c Mass.\uff1a Winthrop.<\/p>\n Liebman\uff0c Robert C. 1983. Mobilizing the Moral Majority\uff0c pp. and Robert Wuthnow. New York\uff1a Aldine.<\/p>\n Oliver\uff0c Pomela\uff0c Gerald Marwell\uff0c and Ruy Teixeira\uff0c 1985. \u201cA Theory of the Critical Mass.I. Interdependence\uff0c Group Heterogeneity\uff0c and the Production of Collective Goods\u201d\uff0c American Journal of Sociology\uff0c 91\uff1a522-56.<\/p>\n Tilly\uff0c Charles. 1978. 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Greenwich\uff0c Conn.\uff1a JAI Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u3010\u6458\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u624d\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u672c\u6e90,\u7ed3\u6784\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-12890","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-wiki"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12890","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12890"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12890\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}