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[10]\u9000 \u4f11\u540e\u4e0d\u518d\u7f34\u7eb3\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u8d39\uff0c\u53cd\u8981\u9886\u53d6\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5165\u4e0d\u6577\u51fa\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u5473\u662f\u81ea\u4e0d\u5f85\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9000\u4f11\u8005\u9000\u800c\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u53c8\u53bb\u5360\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u52b3\u52a8\u5c97 \u4f4d\uff0c\u4fbf\u8fdb\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u77f3\u4e09\u9e1f\u7684\u53cd\u6548\u679c\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u4e0d\u8be5\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u91d1\u4e2d\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u4fdd\u9669\u91d1\u652f\u51fa\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fdb\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2d\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u6551\u6d4e\u91d1 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[12]\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6b65\u5feb\u8dd1\u7684\u529e\u6cd5,\u6bd4\u5982\u4ece21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2cN\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb,\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6027\u522b\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u6bcf\u5e74\u5ef6\u957f2\u4e2a\u6708,\u8fd9\u6837\u5ef6\u957f5\u5e74(\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65,\u6839\u636e\u5386\u53f2\u72b6\u51b5\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8f7b\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6,\u84dd\u9886\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u753150\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u5ef6\u957f\u523055\u5c81\u9000\u4f11,\u767d\u9886\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u753155\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u5ef6\u957f\u523060\u5c81\u9000\u4f11)\u603b\u5171\u662f60\u4e2a\u6708,\u9700\u898130\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4,\u5230N+30\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u7ed3\u675f;\u5982\u679c\u89c9\u5f97\u592a\u6162,\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6027\u522b\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u6bcf\u5e74\u5ef6\u957f3\u4e2a\u6708,\u8fd9\u6837\u5ef6\u957f5\u5e74\u603b\u5171\u662f60\u4e2a\u6708,\u9700\u898120\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4,\u5230N+25\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u7ed3\u675f\u3002 [13]<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u56de\u58f0\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e50\u89c2\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u90e8\u517b\u8001\u4fdd\u9669\u53f8\u53f8\u957f\u7126\u51ef\u5e73\u5411\u5a92\u4f53\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u673a\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u3002\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u504f\u4f4e\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e72\u90e8\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u5728\u754c\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u77db\u76fe\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46”\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u975e\u5e38\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6d89\u53ca\u5e7f\u5927\u804c\u5de5\u7684\u5207\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u614e\u91cd\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6ca1\u8c03\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8c03\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4ee5\u540e\u5927\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u65f6\u673a\u6210\u719f\u4e86\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u662f\u4f1a\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3002” [14]<\/p>\n \u7537 \u5973\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\u7531\u5404\u56fd\u5bb6\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u60c5\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8003\u8651\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u4eba\u53e3\u6027\u522b\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7537\u5973\u521d\u59cb\u52b3\u52a8\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u7537\u5973\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u6c42\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u7537\u5973\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u91d1\u72b6\u51b5\u3001 \u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u503e\u5411\u7b49\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7537\u5973\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5730\u533a\uff09\u591a\u4e8e\u7537\u5973\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5730\u533a\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u540c98\u56fd\uff0c\u536059.4\uff05\uff1b\u4e0d\u540c67\u56fd\uff0c\u536040.6%\u3002 \u4f46\u7537\u5973\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u540c\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7537\u5973\u6cd5\u5b9a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u611f\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e24\u6027\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5f85\u9047\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\uff0c \u5df2\u7ecf\u7740\u624b\u628a\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u9010\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u548c\u7537\u6027\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u3002\u6ce2\u5170\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdd\u5baa\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u89c4\u5b9a\u7537\u5973\u6559\u5e08\u9000\u4f11\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4 \u89c4\u5b9a\u3002 [15]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u4e8c\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u5bff\u547d<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u4e0e\u6b64\u524d\u4eba\u4eec\u6d25\u6d25\u4e50\u9053\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u4e4b\u5229\u4e0e\u76ca\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u666e\u901a\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u627e\u51fa\u9000\u4f11\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u627e\u51fa\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5f0a\u4e0e\u5bb3\u3002\u5927\u6982\u662f\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u4e8b\u513f\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u8054\u60f3\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u9000\u4f11\u6216\u8005\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u4e0e\u5bff\u547d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n \u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u520a\u767b\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u572860\u548c65\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3b\u5230\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5c81\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u572855\u5c81\u5c31\u505c\u6b62\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5374\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5065\u5eb7\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u58f3\u724c\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5f97\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u4f11\u65af\u6566\u5de5\u5382\u76843500\u540d\u804c\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u572855\u5c81\u300160\u5c81\u621665\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u768426\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u8e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u6027\u522b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u540e\uff0c\u65e9\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u66f4\u77ed\u3002\u58f3\u724c\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u8521\u5c71\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a”\u572855\u5c81\u621660\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u572865\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u5f97\u9ad8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u572855\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u9ad8\u6216\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7ec4\u522b\uff0c\u8d8a\u8fdf\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ddf\u7740\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002” [16]55\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u9000\u4f1110\u5e74\u5185\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6bd460\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u9ad837%\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u53ea\u670972\u5c81\uff1b\u800c\u572860\u5c81\u548c65\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3b\u523076\u81f380\u5c81\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c55\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u7537\u6027\u5bff\u547d\u6700\u77ed\uff0c65\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u5973\u6027\u5bff\u547d\u6700\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u56de\u6620\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u63a8\u8fdf\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u547c\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n \u7f8e\u56fd\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u4e13\u5bb6\u52a0\u7565\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u50da\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6279\u5168\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u8868\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u51fa:\u572850\u5c81\u540e\u8d4b\u95f2\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u7206\u53d1\u6216\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u4e2d\u98ce\uff09\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u6bd4\u8fd8\u7559\u5728\u804c\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u81f3\u5c11\u9ad8\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u81ea1992\u5e74\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u5305\u62ec1\u4e072500\u591a\u540d51\u5c81\u81f361\u5c81\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u5458\u4e3b\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u300210\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u518d\u627e\u56de\u8fd9\u7fa4\u4eba\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u52302002\u5e74\uff0c1200\u591a\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd1600\u4eba\u901d\u4e16\u3002\u53e6\u5916450\u4eba\u6682\u505c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c960\u4eba\u56e0\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\u9000\u51fa\u5168\u804c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u88ab\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c582\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\uff0c3719\u4eba\u4ecd\u7559\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u8fd910\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c202\u4eba\u60a3\u4e86\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\uff0c23\u4eba\u5728\u5931\u4e1a\u540e\u6b7b\u4e8e\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\uff1b\u5728140\u540d\u4e2d\u98ce\u8005\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d33\u4eba\u662f\u65e0\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c13\u4eba\u5219\u5728\u88ab\u88c1\u9000\u540e\u4e2d\u98ce\u3002\u572850\u5c81\u540e\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u7206\u53d1\u6216\u4e2d\u98ce\u7684\u51e0\u7387\uff0c\u6bd4\u4ecd\u5c31\u4e1a\u8005\u9ad8\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u591a\u3002\u52a0\u7565\u8bf4\uff1a”\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u5e74\u540e\u5931\u4e1a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u538b\u529b\u8d85\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u51fa\u73b0\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u548c\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u95ee\u9898\u3002””\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002” [17]<\/p>\n \u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684”\u79ef\u6781\u53d8\u8001\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a”\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u79d1\u6797o\u7c73\u5c14\u7eb3\u6307\u51fa\uff1a”\u4ee5 \u524d\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u5de5\u4f5c\u538b\u529b\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u8282\u594f\u653e\u677e\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u957f\u5bff\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765 \u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u4e0d\u518d\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u4e27\u5931\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5065\u5eb7\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u964d\u3002” [18]\u8fd9 \u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u8d77\u8349\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u66fe\u5c31\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u4e13\u95e8\u8c03\u7814\u3002\u5728\u8c03\u7814\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ed9\u6211\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u67d0\u996d\u5e97\u5973\u5de5\u5230\u8fbe\u9000\u4f11 \u5e74\u9f84\u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e0e\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u8001\u4f34\u5446\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u505a\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5e94\u4e86\u65e0\u4e8b\u751f\u975e\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u51ed\u7a7a\u751f\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e0d\u51fa\u51e0\u6708\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5973\u5de5\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u5c31 \u51fa\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7ecf\u56db\u5904\u6c42\u533b\u4e5f\u672a\u89c1\u6839\u672c\u597d\u8f6c\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5973\u5de5\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u51fa\u8bf7\u6c42\u5355\u4f4d\u8ba9\u597d\u56de\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\uff0c\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f85\u52a9\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4e0d\u8981\u62a5\u916c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6bcf\u5929\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u591a\u5e74\u5171\u4e8b\u7684\u59d0\u59b9\u4eec\u5728\u4e00 \u8d77\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u5355\u4f4d\u540c\u610f\u5979\u56de\u53bb\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5973\u5de5\u5c31\u75c5\u597d\u5982\u521d\u3002\u56fd\u5916\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8001\u516c\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u7684\u8001\u592b\u8001\u59bb\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5f20\u662f\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u65e5 \u672c\u5c24\u5176\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u8001\u516c\u9000\u4f11\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u5987\u5973\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u7a7a\u524d\u707e\u96be\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u65e5\u672c\u5e74\u8fc8\u5987\u5973\u90fd\u7f79\u60a3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a”\u9000\u4f11\u8001\u516c\u75c7\u5019\u7fa4”\u3002\u533b\u751f\u7ed9\u5973\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\uff1a”\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdc\u79bb\u8001\u516c\u3002” [19]<\/p>\n \u6211\u56fd\u4e5f\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9000\u4f11\u4eba\u5458\u4ef7\u503c\u51cf\u9000\u611f\u5f71\u54cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7855\u58eb\u718a\u9752\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a”\u9000\u4f11\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8001\u5e74\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u6309\u7167\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c06\u5076\u5c14\u7684\u5fd8\u4e8b\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u4e0b\u964d\uff1b\u5bf9\u75b2\u52b3\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u4fbf\u5c06\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u75b2\u52b3\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8001\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u8bf1\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u8001\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f1a\u52a0\u901f\u751f\u7406\u673a\u80fd\u8870\u8001\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002”\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u56de\u9f99\u89c2\u533b\u9662\u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u533b\u5e08\u5218\u5b66\u4fca\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u957f\u5bff\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c”\u4e00\u4e9b\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u770b\u5230\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u8fd8\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u594b\u6597\u7684\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5708\u5b50\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u5351\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4e45\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\uff0c\u5fc3\u75c5\u5c31\u4f1a\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u5065\u5eb7\u957f\u5bff\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u665a\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u8981\u5c0f\u5f97\u591a\u3002” [20]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7684\u4e0b\u5c97\u804c\u5de5\u8eab\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a”\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u4e0b\u5c97\u5de5\u4eba\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u840e\u7f29\uff0c\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u4eba\uff0c\u7ecf\u591a\u6b21\u52aa\u529b\u6c42\u804c\u65e0\u6548\u540e\u5bf9\u518d\u5c31\u4e1a\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u6574\u65e5\u4e0d\u613f\u51fa\u95e8\u4e0d\u613f\u89c1\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0b\u964d\u3002” [21]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u4e09\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u627f\u53d7\u529b<\/strong><\/p>\n \u6211\u56fd\u4eba\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u91d1\u7f3a\u53e3\u5de8\u5927\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u52a1\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5ef6\u540e\u9000\u4f11\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u91d1\u652f\u4ed8\u538b\u529b\u65f6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n \u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u9650\u5236\u572865\u5c81\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u6cbf\u7528\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002\u65e9\u57281889\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7406Bismarck\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u662f70\u5c81\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u8981\u6d3b\u523070\u5c81\u5b9e\u5c5e\u6240\u8c13\u7684”\u53e4\u6765\u7a00”\u3002\u5230\u4e861916\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u964d\u4f4e\u523065\u5c81\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u91c7\u752865\u5c81\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u3002<\/p>\n \u82f1\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u662f65\u5c81\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u9f84\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9886\u53d6\u5168\u989d\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u798f\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u53e3\u8001\u5316\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u8eab\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u6240\u4e8b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u8bc6\u6280\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6d6a\u8d39\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u629a\u517b\u8001\u4eba\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u51c6\u5907\u628a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4ece65\u5c81\u63d0\u9ad8\u523067\u5c81\u3002\u63d0\u9ad8\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff1a1955\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7537\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u662f70\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u662f81\u5c81\u3002\u800c\u5230\u4e862055\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7537\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u662f87\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u662f89\u5c81\u3002 [22]\u3000\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7ec4\u7ec7(OECD)\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u9769\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u653e\u7f13\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5e94\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u753165\u5c81\u63d0\u9ad8\u523070\u5c81\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u5ef6\u957f\uff0c\u800c\u50a8\u84c4\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u63d0\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e45\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u5371\u673a\u3002\u672a\u676550\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u5e94\u589e\u957f\u5c06\u57fa\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u505c\u6ede\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b8b\u75be\u798f\u5229\u6210\u4e3a\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e4b\u95e8\u3002 [23]<\/p>\n \u8fd1 \u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u6cd5\u610f\u7b49\u6b27\u76df\u4e3b\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u6216\u63a8\u8fdf\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u5e26\u85aa\u4f11\u5047\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u75b2\u8f6f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u517b \u8001\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u91d1\u51cf\u5c11\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f7f\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u652f\u4ed8\u5e74\u9650\u5ef6\u957f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u533b\u7597\u8d39\u7528\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5404\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u8d44\u91d1\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u53ea\u6709\uff11\uff10\uff10\uff10\u591a\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7f3a\u53e3 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Peters\u8bf4\uff1a”\u8fd9\u771f\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u5b89\u7701\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6539\u6b63\u4e86\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u9000\u4f11\u8fd9\u4e00\u9519\u8bef\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d21\u732e\u4f59\u70ed\u3002” Peters\u9884\u8ba1\uff0c\u5b89\u7701\u81f3\u5c11\u67092\uff05\uff0c\u7ea6150\u4e07\u4eba\u5e74\u9f84\u8d85\u8fc765\u5c81\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u7ee7\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u7701\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u4e5f\u5c06\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc165\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8001\u5e74\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5e74\u9f84\u4e00\u65e6\u8d85\u8fc765\u5c81\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u7559\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u96c7\u4e3b\u3002 [26]<\/p>\n 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\u4e5f\u62ff\u4e0d\u5230\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6446\u8131\u8001\u5e74\u96c7\u5458\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u96be\u9898\u3002\u8001\u5e74\u96c7\u5458\u867d\u7136\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd5\u7adf\u7cbe\u529b\u6bd4\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u5dee\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u751f\u75c5\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\uff0c\u5de5\u8d44\u5374\u62ff\u5f97\u6bd4\u5e74 \u9752\u4eba\u591a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5e38\u66f4\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u96c7\u5458\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u8ddf\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5f62\u52bf\u3002\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u4e2d\u7684\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u66f4\u8ba9\u96c7\u4e3b\u5934\u75bc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u80dc\u4efb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u628a\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5360 \u7528\u4e86\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u7b49\u5230\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7a7a\u51fa\u6765\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u63d0\u62d4\u3002\u53d6\u6d88\u5f3a\u5236\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u521a\u51fa\u6821\u95e8\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u996d\u7897\u3002 [27]<\/p>\n \u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u63d0\u524d\u6216\u8005\u5ef6\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fd8\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u6ce8\u91ca<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n [1] \u4e25\u5fe0\u52e4\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u5de5\u8d44\u798f\u5229\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u300b\uff0c1\u7248\uff0c303\u9875\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1987\u3002<\/p>\n [2]\u4e25\u5fe0\u52e4\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u5de5\u8d44\u798f\u5229\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u300b\uff0c1\u7248\uff0c325\u9875\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1987\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u575a\u51b3\u6309\u7167\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u529e\u7406\u804c\u5de5\u9000\u4f11\u3001\u9000\u804c\uff0c1999\u5e74\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u529e\u516c\u5385\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u505a\u597d\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0b\u5c97\u804c\u5de5\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u79bb\u9000\u4f11\u4eba\u5458\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u53d1\u653e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u90e8\u57281999\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5236\u6b62\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a\u529e\u7406\u4f01\u4e1a\u804c\u5de5\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b\uff0c\u901a\u77e5\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u804c\u5de5\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\u7537\u5e74\u6ee160\u5468\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u5de5\u4eba\u5e74\u6ee150\u5468\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u5e72\u90e8\u5e74\u6ee155\u5468\u5c81\u3002\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e95\u4e0b\u3001\u9ad8\u6e29\u3001\u9ad8\u7a7a\u3001\u7279\u522b\u7e41\u91cd\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u5bb3\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u7537\u5e74\u6ee155\u5468\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u5e74\u6ee145\u5468\u5c81\uff0c\u56e0\u75c5\u6216\u975e\u56e0\u5de5\u81f4\u6b8b\uff0c\u7531\u533b\u9662\u8bc1\u660e\u5e76\u7ecf\u52b3\u52a8\u9274\u5b9a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u786e\u8ba4\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u52b3\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e3a\u7537\u5e74\u6ee150\u5468\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u5e74\u6ee145\u5468\u5c81\u3002\u6309\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4ec5\u9650\u5b9a\u4e3a\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u786e\u5b9a\u7684111\u4e2a”\u4f18\u5316\u8d44\u672c\u7ed3\u6784”\u8bd5\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u7834\u4ea7\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u8ddd\u6cd5\u5b9a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0d\u8db35\u5e74\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u548c3\u5e74\u5185\u6709\u538b\u952d\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u7eba\u7ec7\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7b26\u5408\u89c4\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7eba\u7eb1\u3001\u7ec7\u5e03\u5de5\u79cd\u7684\u6321\u8f66\u5de5\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u9879\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0e\u524d\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u540d\u804c\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n [3] \u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u5218\u660e\u8f89\uff1a”\u8bba\u7537\u5987\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u95ee\u9898”\uff0c\u8f7d\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\u4e8c00\u56db\u5e74\u5e74\u4f1a\u300a\u4f1a\u8bae\u6750\u6599\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff0c2005\u5e742\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n [4]\u5bb9\u5b89\u624d”\u5317\u4eac\u4eba\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u4e3a79.6\u5c81\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5efa\u56fd\u521d\u589e\u52a026.8\u5c81”\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\uff0c2004\u5e749\u670817\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [5]”\u5973\u4eba\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u65e0\u6743\u4e0e\u7537\u4eba\u540c\u9f84\u9000\u4f11\uff1f”\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e7410\u670814\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [6] \u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u96be\u9898\uff1a\u5982”\u7f8e\u56fd\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f86\u65ec\u7a7a\u59d0\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u62cd\u88f8\u4f53\u65e5\u5386”\uff1a\u65e5\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u51e0\u4f4d\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u8001\u7a7a\u59d0\u5bbd\u8863\u89e3\u5e26\u4eae\u76f82006\u5e74\u65e5\u5386\uff0c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u8868\u8fbe\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u5948\u548c\u56f0\u5883\uff1a60\u5c81\u7684\u5979\u4eec\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u9760\u62cd\u6444\u88f8\u4f53\u7167\u7247”\u8c0b\u751f”\u3002\u8fd95\u4f4d\u8001\u7a7a\u59d0\u4ee5\u524d\u90fd\u662f\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8054\u5408\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u804c\u5458\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u662f55\u5c81\u81f364\u5c81\u3002\u57282006\u5e74\u65e5\u5386\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u5728\u8001\u5f0f\u98de\u673a\u65c1\u6446\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u88f8\u4f53\u59ff\u6001\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5979\u4eec\u5df2\u662f\u8001\u592a\u5a46\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u5979\u4eec\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u5a40\u5a1c\u591a\u59ff\u3002\u5728\u88f8\u7167\u65e5\u5386\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e45\u56fe\u90fd\u6807\u6ce8\u7740\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u7684\uff1a”\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u5632\u7b11\u6211\u4eec60\u591a\u5c81\u8fd8\u88f8\u4f53\u4e0a\u955c\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e86\uff01”\u8001\u7a7a\u59d0\u88f8\u7167\u65e5\u5386\u63a8\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u8f70\u52a8\u3002\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u804c\u5458\u7ec8\u4e8e\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u4e0a\u5468\uff0c\u7834\u4ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u5e03\u8054\u5408\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u8981\u5728\u8fd1\u671f\u5c0698\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u503a\u52a1\u7ed3\u7b97\u3002\uff08\u5357\u4eac\u6668\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e745\u670818\u65e5\uff09\u53c8\u5982\uff1a”\u751f\u6d3b\u6ca1\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u6761\u4ef6\u597d–\u65e5\u672c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u72af\u7f6a”\u3002\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u7d20\u6765\u662f\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7f6a\u72af\u5462\uff1f\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u8fd8\u662f\u8feb\u4e8e\u751f\u8ba1\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u4fdd\u969c\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u7269\u4ef7\u53c8\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8001\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u505a\u8d77\u4e86\u5c0f\u5077\u5c0f\u6478\u7684\u884c\u5f53\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6536\u5bb9\u9ad8\u9f84\u7f6a\u72af\u7684\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u4e2a”\u4e16\u5916\u6843\u6e90”\u3002\u5728\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u836f\u7269\u3001\u517b\u8001\u9662\u4e00\u822c\u9f50\u5168\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u770b\u62a4\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u6837\u7ec6\u81f4\u548c\u853c\u7684\u8b66\u5b98\u2026\u2026\u8bb8\u591a\u9ad8\u9f84\u7f6a\u72af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5728\u8857\u5934\u5f53\u6d41\u6d6a\u6c49\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u72af\u70b9\u7f6a\u88ab\u5173\u5230\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u91cc\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8001\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u590d\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u636e\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u79f0\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u91cc\u670d\u5211\u7684\u8001\u9f84\u72af\u4eba\u670980%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u8e72\u8fc7\u4e24\u6b21\u3001\u4e09\u6b21\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u591a\u56de\u76d1\u7262\u3002\uff08\u65b9\u5b50\u7bc6\uff0c\u73af\u7403\u65f6\u62a5\uff0c2004\u5e747\u67085\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n [7] \u6234\u5efa\u4e2d\uff1a”\u5317\u4eac\u4e0b\u5c97\u804c\u5de5\u8bbf\u8c08\u8c03\u67e5”\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e9a\u592a\u5730\u533a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u300b\uff0c1\u7248\uff0c458\u9875\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u3002<\/p>\n [8]”\u82f1\u56fd\u9000\u4f11\u65cf\u91cd\u8fd4\u5c31\u4e1a\u5e02\u573a”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2006\u5e744\u670814\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [9]\u674e\u8fde\u5fe0\u3001\u5468\u6656\uff1a”\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u6539\u59d4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c31\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u5c55\u5f00\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5–\u7537\u5973\u80fd\u5426\u540c\u9f84\u9000\u4f11\u6210\u4e3a\u5173\u6ce8\u70ed\u70b9”\u52b3\u52a8\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [10]\u77f3\u747e\uff1a”\u5e73\u5747\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f8453\u5c81\uff0c\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u51b2\u51fb\u517b\u8001\u5236\u5ea6”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2006\u5e747\u67087\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [11]\u4f55\u5e73\uff1a”\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u6bcf\u5ef6\u957f\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u517b\u8001\u7edf\u7b79\u91d1\u53ef\u589e\u653640\u4ebf\u5143\uff0c\u51cf\u652f160\u4ebf\u5143\uff0c\u51cf\u7f13\u57fa\u91d1\u7f3a\u53e3200\u4ebf\u5143\u3002””\u4e2d\u56fd\u517b\u8001\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u6d4b\u7b97\u62a5\u544a”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u4e66\u62a5\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u5236\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c2001\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002\u53c8\u6bd4\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c2010\u5e74\u5973\u6027\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u5c06\u753160\u5c81\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u7537\u6027\u76f8\u540c\u768465\u5c81\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u6bcf\u5e74\u517b\u8001\u4fdd\u9669\u57fa\u91d1\u53ef\u770146\u4ebf\u82f1\u9551\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u7537\u6027\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u4ec5\u79c1\u4eba\u5e74\u91d1\u8ba1\u5212\u6bcf\u5e74\u5c06\u589e\u591a\u5f00\u652f60\u4ebf\u82f1\u9551\u3002Social Security Bulletin, ASS’s quarterly research journal, 1991, vol.75, No.1\u3002<\/p>\n [12]\u5468\u6b23\u5b87\u3001\u5305\u4e3d\u654f\uff1a”‘\u7537\u5973\u540c\u9f84\u9000\u4f11’\u6709\u671b\u5199\u5165\u300a\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b”\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b0\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e748\u670824\u65e5\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u7684\u300a\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b\u5e76\u672a\u5982\u4eba\u6240\u613f\u5730\u5199\u5165\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u4e4b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56ff\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u96be\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n [13]\u674e\u8fde\u5fe0\u3001\u5468\u6656\uff1a”\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u6539\u59d4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c31\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u5c55\u5f00\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5–\u7537\u5973\u80fd\u5426\u540c\u9f84\u9000\u4f11\u6210\u4e3a\u5173\u6ce8\u70ed\u70b9”\u52b3\u52a8\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [14]\u949f\u978d\u94a2\uff1a”\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u6682\u4e0d\u8c03\u6574”\uff0c\u6cd5\u5236\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e7412\u670815\u65e5\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cb3\u5357\u5e73\u9876\u5c71\u5e02\u5468\u59d3\u5973\u5e72\u90e8\u524d\u72b6\u544a\u5355\u4f4d\u8ba9\u597955\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u662f\u641e”\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6”,\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u4ef2\u88c1\u8d25\u8bc9\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d,\u60f3\u63a8\u8fdf\u9000\u4f11\u7684,\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd—\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4,\u5468\u5973\u58eb\u4e0d\u8bba\u544a\u5230\u54ea\u91cc,\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u80dc\u8bc9\u3002\u800c\u60f3\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11,\u5012\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\uff08\u7533\u58eb\uff1a”‘\u5973\u6027\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84’\u8be5\u6709\u70b9\u5f39\u6027”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u969c\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n [15] Decisions of the Constitutional Court Poland, K 27\/99,28 March 2002 2 bulletin on Constitutional Case Law 327.<\/p>\n [16]”\u7f8e\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\uff1a\u63d0\u65e9\u9000\u4f11\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u957f\u5bff”\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u65e9\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [17]”\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff1a50\u5c81\u540e\u5931\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e2d\u98ce\u548c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53d1\u98ce\u9669\u9ad8”\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u65e9\u62a5\uff0c2006\u5e746\u670821\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [18] \u5434\u60df\u3001\u674e\u6625\u8f89\uff1a”\u665a\u9000\u4f11\u66f4\u957f\u5bff”\uff0c\u73af\u7403\u65f6\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u670815\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [19]”‘\u9000\u4f11\u8001\u516c\u75c7\u5019\u7fa4’\u6210\u4e3a\u65e5\u5987\u5973\u7684\u68a6\u9b47”\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u65e9\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [20]\u5434\u60df\u3001\u674e\u6625\u8f89\uff1a”\u665a\u9000\u4f11\u66f4\u957f\u5bff”\uff0c\u73af\u7403\u65f6\u62a5\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u670815\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [21] \u6234\u5efa\u4e2d\uff1a”\u5317\u4eac\u4e0b\u5c97\u804c\u5de5\u8bbf\u8c08\u8c03\u67e5”\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e9a\u592a\u5730\u533a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u300b\uff0c1\u7248\uff0c458\u9875\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u3002<\/p>\n [22]”\u82f1\u56fd\u51c6\u5907\u628a\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u63d0\u523067\u5c81”\uff0cwww.lm.gov.cn\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u670824\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [23]”OECD\u79f0\u82f1\u56fd\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u80fd\u62d6\u7d2f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c2004\u5e749\u670830\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [24]”\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u75b2\u8f6f\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5411\u793e\u4fdd\u4f53\u5236\u5f00\u5200”\uff0c\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\uff0c2003\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [25]”\u5df4\u897f\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u4fdd\u9669\u91d1\u5165\u4e0d\u6577\u51fa”\uff0cwww.lm.gov.cn\uff0c2006\u5e746\u670816\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [26]”\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5b89\u7701\u7acb\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e9f\u6b62\u5f3a\u5236\u602765\u5c81\u9000\u4f11\u6cd5\u6848”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff0c2005\u5e7412\u670813\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n [27]”\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u53d6\u6d88\u5f3a\u5236\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u52bf\u5728\u5fc5\u884c”\uff0cwww.lm.gov.cn\uff0c2004\u5e749\u67088\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u9ece\u5efa\u98de\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n \u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u5224\u89e3\u7814\u7a76\u300b2007\u5e74\u7b2c1\u8f91<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u9000 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