{"id":2536,"date":"2014-01-02T22:02:41","date_gmt":"2014-01-02T14:02:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1\/laborlawcomcn\/?p=2536"},"modified":"2025-11-13T14:51:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T06:51:14","slug":"%e5%91%98%e5%b7%a5%e5%b9%b4%e5%ba%95%e7%a6%bb%e8%81%8c%e6%9c%aa%e6%8b%bf%e5%88%b0%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96-%e5%b0%86%e5%85%ac%e5%8f%b8%e5%91%8a%e4%b8%8a%e6%b3%95%e5%ba%ad%e8%83%9c%e8%af%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/?p=2536","title":{"rendered":"[\u82cf\u529b]\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u82cf\u529b\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8bbf\u95ee\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5929\u5143\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u3002\/<br \/>\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u5317\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c14\u5377\u7b2c2\u8f91\uff082013\uff09\uff1b<a href=\"http:\/\/www.calaw.cn\/article\/default.asp?id=8829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u660e\u5fb7\u516c\u6cd5\u7f51<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u64ad\u4e0b\u7684\u662f\u9f99\u79cd\uff0c\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u5374\u662f\u8df3\u86a4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2014\u2014\u6d77\u6d85<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u754c\u5b9a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u50cf\uff3b\u4e2a\uff3d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u201d(Thinking like a 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8868\u8fbe\uff1f\u82e5\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u8003\u8651\u8be5\u8a00\u8bba\u597d\u574f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u574f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u201c\u6709\u65e0\u660e\u663e\u4e14\u5373\u523b\u7684\u5371\u9669\u9020\u6210\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u4f24\u5bb3\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u91cd\u8bfb\u6b64\u6848\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4e0e\u6211\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5173\u5fc3\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u8d5e\u540c\u548c\u53cd\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u591a\u5927\u5371\u9669\u4ee5\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u4f55\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002<sup>[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6211\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u7406\u89e3\u5f88\u5feb\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u6deb\u79fd\u8272\u60c5\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1f\u867d\u7136\u662f\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\u503c\u5f97\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u6216\u6587\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6deb\u79fd\u8272\u60c5\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u8c01\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u662f\u56fe\u7247\u4e2d\u88f8\u5973\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u8bf4\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u6444\u5f71\u8005\u62cd\u6444\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7ed8\u753b\uff0c\u4e5f\u52c9\u5f3a\u7b97\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u827a\u672f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u751a\u6216\u5370\u5237\u5382\u5370\u5236\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e66\u548c\u6742\u5fd7\u662f\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u5417\uff1f\u88c5\u8ba2\u6216\u53d1\u884c\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5417\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8fd9\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u5077\u5077\u5c06\u4e4b\u7f6e\u6362\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u503c\u5f97\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\uff09\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5417\uff1f\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f8b\u5e08\u505a\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u53d7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u8981\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u4f8b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u201d\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7d27\u7d27\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5f03\u6211\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u4f46\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u548c\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5f88\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5e7f\u544a\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u8f6f\u8272\u60c5\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u8fd8\u5f88\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\u8ba9\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u5f52\u4e3a\u53d7\u8a00\u8bba\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0e\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u770b\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u65e0\u8bba\u201c\u8f6f\u8272\u60c5\u201d\uff08\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u9732\u70b9\u201d\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u786c\u8272\u60c5\u201d\uff08\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u9732\u70b9\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u513f\u7ae5\uff09\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u8005\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u53d7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u67d0\u4e9b\u8272\u60c5\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1b\u4f46\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u201c\u9732\u70b9\u201d\u4e0e\u5426\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u5927\u5c0f\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5927\u2014\u2014\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u96d5\u5851\u5927\u591a\u9732\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u9ad8\u7ea7\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u8272\u60c5\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u8272\u60c5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u6709\u5173\uff0c<sup>[10]<\/sup>\u4e5f\u4e0e\u89c2\u8d4f\u8005\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u8da3\u5473\u6709\u5173\u3002<sup>[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u6709\u5224\u51b3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u9009\u6350\u6b3e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u6350\u6b3e\u6570\u989d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u56e0\u6b64\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u6350\u6b3e\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u3002<sup>[12]<\/sup> 1930-40\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f62\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\u8bbe\u7acb\u7ea0\u5bdf\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u6027\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u53d7\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<sup>[13]<\/sup>\u800c\u57281989\u5e74\u548c1990\u5e74\u4e24\u4e2a\u5224\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u711a\u70e7\u56fd\u65d7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u8a00\u8bba\u201d\uff0c<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u56fd\u65d7\u662f\u711a\u70e7\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5e94\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u770b\u9996\u5148\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u7b97\u662f\u884c\u52a8\u5427\uff1f\uff01\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u8a00\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff09\u8a00\u8bba\u5417\uff1f\uff01\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\uff1f\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u624d\u4ee4\u6211\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8a00\u8bba\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u5e38\u89c4\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u6216\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u660e\u663e\u3001\u5373\u523b\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8a00\u8bba\u751a\u6216\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u540c\u65f6\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4f20\u9012\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u89c6\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6709\u660e\u663e\u3001\u5373\u53ef\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u6700\u5178\u578b\u3001\u6700\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53d7\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5176\u662f\u5426\u8a00\u8bba\u6216\u8868\u8fbe\u57fa\u672c\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u505a\u50cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8003\u5e76\u975e\u7262\u8bb0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5176\u7531\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u542b\u4e49\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e3a\u8003\u8bd5\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u5927\u91cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6162\u6162\u719f\u6089\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u638c\u63e1\u6cd5\u5b98\u5173\u5fc3\u4ec0\u4e48\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\/\u5979\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u9010\u6b65\u91cd\u65b0\u754c\u5b9a\u548c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c4\u8bed\u8bcd\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4f55\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fb9\u754c\u4f55\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u9664\u5728\u5e38\u89c4\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u9075\u5faa\u5148\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u731c\u6d4b\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u505a\u51fa\u4f55\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u6309\u7167\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u542b\u4e49\u7b80\u5355\u6f14\u7ece\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u4e5f\u66f4\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u5982\u6b64\u6216\u5982\u5f7c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u6743\u8861\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u4f1a\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u53ef\u6b32\u7684\u540e\u679c\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u6216\u5148\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u52fe\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fd\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align=\"center\"><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5d4c\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u719f\u6089\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u754c\uff0c<sup>[17]<\/sup>\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4fc3\u6210\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u65e2\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u8df5\u652f\u6491\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5168\u9762\u8f6c\u5411\u804c\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5411\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u65b9\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52aa\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6210\u679c\u4e30\u7855\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb20\u5e74\u95f4\u6709\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u81ea1995\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9662\u7cfb\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u7855\u58eb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a1990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u804c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u6839\u672c\u8bf4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u751a\u81f3\u90fd\u6ca1\u673a\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c<sup>[18]<\/sup>\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u624d\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u804c\u5b66\u4e60\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e13\u79d1\u6216\u672c\u79d1\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c<sup>[19]<\/sup>\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u4ece\u6709\u5173\u201c\u590d\u8f6c\u519b\u4eba\u8fdb\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff1b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591a\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<sup>[20]<\/sup>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8ffd\u7a76\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5149\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u4e2a1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u4e0d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u771f\u6709\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u4f4d\uff1f<sup>[21]<\/sup>\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5730\u9053\u6cd5\u5b66\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6240\u6559\u6240\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u4e4b\u76f8\u53bb\u4e5f\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9053\u91cc\u8ba1\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5373\u4fbf\u771f\u6709\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u201c\u50cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\uff08\u540e\u6765\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u6709\u4e86\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u518d\u540e\u6765\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u8fb9\u754c\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u6670\u7684\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u754c\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c42\u9762\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u201d\u53ef\u4f5c\u6bd4\u5bf9\u6216\u6d4b\u5ea6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u8bba\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u8003\u201d\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u751a\u81f3\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u80fd\u6307\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u51e0\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u62fc\u88c5\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6307\u6d89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u54c1\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\uff0c\u8d5d\u54c1\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u89c1\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b63\u54c1\uff0c\u8d5d\u54c1\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u8d5d\u54c1\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u51fa\u8d5d\u54c1\u4e0e\u6b63\u54c1\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u4eba\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u7a81\u5982\u5176\u6765\u7684\u9ec4\u888d\u52a0\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u4ee4\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u804c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u4eba\u8bda\u60f6\u8bda\u6050\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u5f88\u662f\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u53d7\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u662f\uff0c\u81ea1995\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u4e49\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u3001\u8bd1\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5185\u5730\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u6570\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u589e\u957f\uff1b\u800c\u81f3\u5c11\u572810\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u9646\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u8f83\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e00\u7ebf\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u6216\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5f8b\u5e08\u5b9e\u52a1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u800c\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u524d\u671f\u2014\u2014\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5fc3\u5b66\u95ee\u548c\u504f\u91cd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u4eba\u3002<sup>[22]<\/sup>\u4e66\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u54f2\u5b66\u9610\u91ca\u5b66\uff08\u6216\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u4e49\u5b66\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u4e9b\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u7684\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u6709\u5173\u3002<sup>[23]<\/sup>\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u611f\u67d3\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u64b0\u5199\u540c\u7c7b\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u5916\uff0c<sup>[24]<\/sup>\u6cd5\u9662\u5f00\u59cb\u5f3a\u8c03\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7684\u64b0\u5199\uff0c<sup>[25]<\/sup>\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u53f8\u6cd5\u804c\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u5148\u7528\u7406\u6027\u501f\u52a9\u4e66\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u6750\u6599\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u8d5e\u7f8e\u7684\u548c\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u80fd\u5426\u8bf4\u5f97\u901a\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u90fd\u5148\u585e\u8fdb\u53bb\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u5148\u6491\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u5c06\u8fd9\u540c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u4ece\u4e2d\u62fd\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u5e03\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u5b9e\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<sup>[26]<\/sup>\u6216\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u201c\u9700\u8981\u201d\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u6f14\u7ece\u51fa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7ba1\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u3002<sup>[27]<\/sup>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec510\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\uff0c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u6216\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u70b9\u6216\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<sup>[28]<\/sup>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u9898\uff0c<sup>[29]<\/sup>\u4f46\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u9898\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u9884\u671f\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u6f5c\u5728\u8bfb\u8005\u7fa4\u7684\u773c\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7565\u52a0\u7422\u78e8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5728\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u6216\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u771f\u5047\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\uff081\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u7ef4\u6709\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff1b<sup>[30]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u6682\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8001\u81ea\u5df1\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\u8bf4\uff1f\u4e0d\u4f46\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u3001\u5404\u884c\u5f53\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6ca1\u81ea\u5938\u601d\u7ef4\u6709\u7279\u70b9\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u771f\u6709\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u603b\u60f3\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u8001\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u601d\u7ef4\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\u8bf4\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u4e2d\u6df1\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\uff083\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u3001\u66f4\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5e94\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u6210\u4e3a\u610f\u89c1\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u8981\u5851\u9020\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u5851\u9020\u79c1\u4eba\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u3002<sup>[31]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u95ee\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u6e90\u81ea\u4f55\u65b9\uff1f\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65ad\u8a00\u6709\u5173\u7684\u662f\uff0c\uff084\uff09\u662f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6cd5\u5b66\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u4e60\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u4e2a\u636e\u8bf4\u53e4\u8001\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u79ef\u6dc0\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u3001\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5224\u65ad\uff08\u5373\u6cd5\u5f8b\u540e\u679c\uff09\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u4f17\u591a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u4e49\u5b66\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4ee4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u76f8\u4e92\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u4ee4\u4eba\u8083\u7136\u8d77\u656c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u8981\u575a\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u4e49\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u539f\u5219\u548c\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8131\u80ce\u81ea\u201c\u50cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5bd3\u610f\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5176\u51fa\u8eab\u95e8\u7b2c\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u5355\u662f\u601d\u8003\u4e3b\u4f53\u4ece\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u65b0\u751f\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5d4c\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u8bed\u5883\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u601d\u8003\u201d\u4e5f\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u8bed\u5883\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff1b\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u804c\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u5bf9\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\u5176\u4f18\u8d8a\u3001\u72ec\u7279\u3001\u8d34\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7b49\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\uff09\u5e76\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff01\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6c42\u804c\u8c0b\u751f\u5b89\u8eab\u7acb\u547d\u7684\u804c\u573a\u5229\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u66f4\u662f\u4ee4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u72ec\u6b65\u5929\u4e0b\u4e00\u5251\u5c01\u5589\u6cbb\u56fd\u5e73\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u6770\u51fa\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5c31\u662f\u660e\u661f\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u660e\u661f\u5b66\u751f\u5f53\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e76\u4e0d\u51fa\u8272\u3002<sup>[106]<\/sup>\u4ed6\u4e5f\u66fe\u5206\u6790\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u7eb3\u8bc9\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6848\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u610f\u89c1\u201d\uff0c\u653e\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u9ad8\u5206\u3002<sup>[107]<\/sup>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u6c38\u8fdc\u66f4\u591a\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u6587\u672c\u548c\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u5411\u540e\u770b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5224\u51b3\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5411\u524d\u770b\u7684\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5947\u7279\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6770\u514b\u900a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5361\u591a\u4f50\u4ece\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8f8d\u5b66\u4e86\uff0c\u6c49\u5fb7\u4ece\u4e1a\u5f8b\u5e08\u5b9e\u52a1\u5f88\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u800c\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u65e2\u975e\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u50cf\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u7ed3\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u9690\u542b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u6cd5\u6761\uff0c\u6559\u4e49\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u540e\u679c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5bd3\u610f\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u8bb8\u66f4\u591a\u57fa\u4e8e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u6761\uff0c\u901a\u884c\u7684\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u5e38\u89c4\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5bf9\u5206\u5bf8\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<sup>[108]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5bf9\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u66f4\u591a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e0e\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u3002<sup>[109]<\/sup>\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9690\u542b\u7684\u4e0e\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u771f\u80fd\u5b9e\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u6216\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u540d\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u754c\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u6216\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff0c\u5766\u767d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u57f9\u517b\u7684\uff1b\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u548c\u674e\u514b\u5f3a\u90fd\u6709\u6cd5\u5b66\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u90fd\u6709\u5927\u961f\u4e66\u8bb0\u548c\u7701\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u53d6\u6cd5\u5176\u4e0a\u65b9\u80fd\u5f97\u4e4e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u773c\u90fd\u9ad8\u4e0d\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u624b\u8fd8\u4f1a\u9ad8\u8d77\u6765\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>\u7ed3\u8bed\uff1a\u601d\u8003\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u201c\u50cf\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u201d\u5207\u5165\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u601d\u8003\u5e76\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u6b64\u4e3b\u5f20\u81ea\u5df1\u541b\u4e34\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6e05\u7406\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u7684\u9ad8\u8038\u751a\u81f3\u795e\u5723\u5f62\u8c61\uff1b\u4f46\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u6211\u5352\u74e6\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73cd\u8d35\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u627f\u8ba4\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4f20\u6388\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5b83\u65e2\u975e\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4e5f\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u6211\u627f\u8ba4\u5979\u662f\u7f8e\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u5979\u5929\u4e0b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6216\u552f\u4e00\u7f62\u4e86\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4e3a\u6b64\u540c\u6211\u51b3\u6597\u5417\uff1f<sup>[110]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5927\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u7684\u56fe\u817e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u5fae\u7f29\u548c\u7325\u7410\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u8fd9\u822c\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u8ba9\u4eba\u7ed9\u5352\u74e6\u4e86\uff1f\u90a3\u5b83\u8fd8\u771f\u7684\u795e\u5723\u5417\uff1f\u6216\u662f\u4f60\u771f\u7684\u4fe1\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u81ea\u6211\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u4f60\u66fe\u8654\u8bda\u5730\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u5f88\u795e\u5723\uff0c\u8ddf\u7740\u4e5f\u5c31\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u5230\u6211\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff1f\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5b9a\u522b\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u907f\u5f00\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u5c31\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u5047\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u8bc6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6210\u5c31\u201d\uff08\u6211\u52a0\u7684\u7740\u91cd\u53f7\uff09\uff0c\u53f6\u829d\u5982\u662f\u8bf4\uff1b<sup>[111]<\/sup>\u4f46\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u667a\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\uff0c\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u529b\u6c42\u4ece\u53ef\u4e3a\u4f17\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u5bf9\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u7684\u8fa8\u6790\uff01<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\">2013\u5e743\u670826\u65e5\u521d\u7a3f\uff0c4\u670815\u65e5\u4e8c\u7a3f\u4e8e\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u6ce8\u91ca:<\/b><br \/>\n\u30141\u3015\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff1a\u201c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u81f4\u4fdd\u00b7\u62c9\u6cd5\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1995\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c695\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n\u30142\u3015\u6211\u641c\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u89c1\u4e8e\uff0c\u738b\u6668\u5149\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c6\u89d2\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b1993\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c71\u9875\uff1b\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u90fd\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u50cf\u5f8b\u5e08\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u201d\u3002<br \/>\n\u30143\u3015W. B. Yeats, \u201cEaster 1916\u201d, Selected Poems, Penguin Books, 1991, p.119.<br \/>\n[4] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., \u201cJohn Marshall,\u201d in Richard A. Posner\u00a0\u00a0(ed.), The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.,\u00a0\u00a0University Of Chicago Press, 1997, p.208.<br \/>\n[5] K. N. Llewellyn, The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study, Oceana Publications, 1960, p.116. \u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cFrederick Schauer, Thinking Like A Lawyer: A New Introduction To Legal Reasoning, Harvard University Press, 2009; \u4ee5\u53ca\uff0cKenneth J Vandevelde, Thinking Like a Lawyer: An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, Westview, 1996.<br \/>\n[6] \u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5f8b\u5e08\u8d44\u683c\u59041979\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1a1. \u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6280\u5de7\uff1b2. \u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca3. \u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u5de7\u5408\u7406\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002ABA Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, Report and Recommendations of the Task Force on Lawyer Competency, The Role of the Law Schools, 1979\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3aCramton Report\uff09\u3002\u524d\u6ce85\u5f15Schauer\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u5957\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u50cf\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u6743\u5a01\u6027\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6cd5\u6761\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u9020\u6cd5\uff08\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u63a8\u5b9a\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u50cf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u4e86\u89e3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u601d\u8003\u3002<br \/>\n[7] Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)\u3002<br \/>\n[8] \u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u66fe\u6253\u538b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u660e\u663e\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9a82\u4eba\uff0c\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u4ec7\u89c6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u574f\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u76f4\u52301969\u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u5170\u767b\u5821\u6848\u5224\u51b3\uff08Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u624d\u53c8\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u5343\u5ba2\u6848\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff1b\u6b64\u6848\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u53d7\u7981\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5373\u8a00\u8bba\u8005\u6709\u610f\u9020\u6210\u5f53\u5373\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u3002<br \/>\n[9] Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977). \u5728\u6b64\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f8b\u5e08\u505a\u5e7f\u544a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u83b7\u5f97\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u52a8\u4f1a\u4ee4\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u83b7\u76ca\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u5584\u6574\u4e2a\u53f8\u6cd5\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<br \/>\n[10] \u8bf7\u53c2\u770b\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6027\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u300b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c13\u7ae0\u3002<br \/>\n[11] \u8bf7\u53c2\u770b\u738b\u6714\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u770b\u8001\u820d\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u65e0\u77e5\u8005\u65e0\u754f\u300b\uff0c\u6625\u98ce\u6587\u827a\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c64\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[12] McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93 (2003), Davis v. Federal Election Commission, 554 U.S. 724 (2008), Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u4f8b\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u5730\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u652f\u4ed8\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53d7\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u662f\u4eab\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n[13] \u8bf7\u770b\uff0cThornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940); Senn v. Tile Layers Union, 301 U.S. 468, 478 (1937).\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cLudwig Teller, \u201cPicketing and Free Speech\u201d, Harvard Law Review, vol. 56, No. 2 (Oct., 1942), pp. 180-218.<br \/>\n[14] Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)\uff1band U.S. v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990)\u3002<br \/>\n[15] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, Little, Brown, and Company, 1948, p.1. \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u662f\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u662f\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff1b\u8fd9\u6837\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u5c42\u9762\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u901a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u8bef\u8bfb\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u5c31\u6587\u672c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u6bb5\u540d\u8a00\u4e25\u683c\u8bf4\u6765\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u751f\u547d\uff09\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<br \/>\n[16] \u53ef\u53c2\u770b\u6b66\u5b8f\u5fd7\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u2018\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[17] \u540c\u524d\u6ce82\u3002<br \/>\n[18] \u52301995\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6709\u672c\u79d1\u5b66\u5386\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e5f\u4ec5\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u6cd5\u5b98\u76846.9%\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u6731\u666f\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d1\u5c55\u62a5\u544a\u2014\u2014\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\u6307\u6807\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[19] \u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5ba3\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2001\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[20] \u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5b83\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u51fa\u751f\u8fc7\u3002\u201d\u4e00\u4f4d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec8\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u6c49\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5b98\u201d\u7684\u5fae\u535a\uff0c2013\u5e744\u67087\u65e5\uff0chttp:\/\/weibo.com\/1552302990\/zr53nh6dX\u3002<br \/>\n[21] \u4e2d\u56fd\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u6279\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9662\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u5982\u4eca\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9662\u7cfb\uff0c\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u653f\u6559\u7cfb\uff0c\u601d\u653f\u7cfb\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u5206\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u4efb\u6559\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9662\u7cfb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u4ed6\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5e76\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff01<br \/>\n[22] 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\/>\n[23] 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A. Posner\uff0cLaw and Literature, 3rd ed., Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.274-276.<br \/>\n[24] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b54\u7965\u4fca\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u300b\uff083\u5377\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[25] \u201c\u52a0\u5feb\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6b65\u4f10\u2026\u2026\u6539\u9769\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u8d28\u8bc1\u4e2d\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc1\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u8bf4\u7406\u6027\u2026\u2026\u201d\u3002\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u4e94\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u7eb2\u8981\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u516c\u62a5\u300b1999\u5e746\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c186-187\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[26] 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\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6797\u5586\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u6c11\u6cd5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u6069\u5409\u65bd\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u7126\u5b9d\u4e7e\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1a\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u81ea2002\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u8fd8\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u845b\u6d2a\u4e49\u4e3b\u7f16\u3001\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e00\u8f91\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u300b\u3002\u800c\u524d\u6ce821\u6240\u5f15\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5927\u90fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6709\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5219\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u9664\u524d\u6ce825\u548c26\u6240\u5f15\u5b59\u7b11\u4fa0\u548c\u90d1\u6210\u826f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5916\uff0c\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u8463\u7389\u5ead\u3001\u4e8e\u9038\u751f\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2008\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\uff1b\u674e\u5e94\u68ee\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u5f81\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cb3\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u793e\u79d1\u7248\uff092006\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff1b\u9648\u91d1\u948a\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5546\u7814\u7a76\u300b2003\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff1b\u9648\u91d1\u948a\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u2018\u6cd5\u5b98\u601d\u7ef4\u2019\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u653f\u6cd5\u7ba1\u7406\u5e72\u90e8\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2008\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff1b\u9648\u91d1\u948a\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u9690\u9000\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff1b\u77f3\u65ed\u658b\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u54c1\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u653f\u6cd5\u8bba\u575b\u300b2007\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b\u5218\u6cbb\u658c\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u804c\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2007\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[29] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9648\u745e\u534e\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e00\u90e8\u5b66\u672f\u6f14\u8bb2\u6587\u96c6\uff1b\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7bc7\u6f14\u8bb2\u7a3f\uff0c\u89e3\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u7528\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u6216\u63a8\u65ad\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89e3\u8bf4\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u8861\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b0\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<br \/>\n[30] \u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u5f53\u53f8\u6cd5\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u9010\u6b65\u6309\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u201d \u8463\u7389\u5ead\u3001\u4e8e\u9038\u751f\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce828\uff0c\u7b2c69\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[31] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u90d1\u6210\u826f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d, \u6cd5\u6cbb\u80fd\u5426\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f, \u76f4\u63a5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8be5\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u662f\u5426\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f, \u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u5f62\u6210\u9884\u671f\u3001\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8, \u8bc4\u4ef7\u662f\u975e, \u662f\u5426\u80af\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u5e76\u5c0a\u91cd\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba, \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6b64\u79cd\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u7684\u65f6\u4faf\u3002\u201d\u540c\u524d\u6ce827\uff0c\u7b2c6\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[32] \u90d1\u6210\u826f\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce827\uff0c\u7b2c6-10\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[33] \u8463\u7389\u5ead\u3001\u4e8e\u9038\u751f\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce828\uff0c\u7b2c70-71\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[34] \u674e\u5e94\u68ee\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce828\uff0c\u7b2c84-85\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[35] \u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6770\u514b\u900a1949\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\uff0cTerminiello v. City of Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949)\uff1b\u4e4b\u540e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u54e5\u5fb7\u4f2f\u683c\u57281963\u5e74\u67d0\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u91cd\u590d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\uff0cKennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144 (1963)\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u6740\u5951\u7ea6\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[36] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u51cc\u658c\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[37] \u201c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f8b\u5e08\u786e\u5b9e\u601d\u8003\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eba\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u751f\u3001\u4f1a\u8ba1\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5f8b\u5e08\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8bb8\u591a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u66f4\u4f1a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\uff0c\u6216\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u94f6\u884c\u6295\u8d44\u5546\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d Schauer, Thinking Like A Lawyer\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce85\uff0c\u98751-2\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cLarry Alexander and Emily Sherwin, Demystifying Legal Reasoning, Cambridge University Press, 2008.<br \/>\n[38] \u5b59\u7b11\u4fa0\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce826\u3002<br \/>\n[39] Frank H. Easterbrook, \u201cThe Supreme Court, 1983 Term-Foreword: The Court and the Economic System,\u201d Harvard Law Review, vol.98 (1984), p.4.<br \/>\n[40] \u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u6d77\u5ce1\u4e24\u8fb9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u63d0\u51fa\u5f02\u8bae\u3002\u201d\u201c\u8054\u5408\u516c\u62a5\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b1972\u5e742\u670828\u65e5\u7b2c1\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[41] \u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cKarl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, Routledge, 1963; Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., The University of Chicago Press, 1970; \u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u53c2\u770b\u5f25\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u771f\u5047\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0cMilton Friedman, \u201cThe Methodology of Positive Economics,\u201d in Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press (1953), 1970, pp. 3-43.<br \/>\n[42] \u8fd9\u662f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u540d\u8a00\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u6b65\u697c\u8bd1\uff0c\u9648\u7ef4\u676d\u6821\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c47\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[43] \u674e\u5e94\u68ee\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce828\uff0c\u7b2c85\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[44] \u53ef\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u3002<br \/>\n[45] \u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u300a\u9001\u6cd5\u4e0b\u4e61\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u5c42\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c4\u30018\u7ae0\u3002<br \/>\n[46] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c11\u7ae0\u3002<br \/>\n[47] Edmund Ursin, \u201cHow Great Judges Think: Judges Richard Posner, Henry Friendly, and Roger Traynor on Judicial Lawmaking\u201d, Buffalo Law Review, vol. 57, (2009), 1270.<br \/>\n[48] \u300a\u7b11\u50b2\u6c5f\u6e56\u4e4b\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e0d\u8d25\u300b\uff08\u5f90\u514b\/\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c\u674e\u8fde\u6770\u3001\u6797\u9752\u971e\/\u4e3b\u6f14\uff09\u4e2d\u4efb\u6211\u884c\u6240\u8a00\uff1b\u300a\u6b66\u6797\u5916\u4f20\u300b\uff08\u95eb\u59ae\u3001\u6c99\u6ea2\u3001\u59da\u6668\/\u7b49\u4e3b\u6f14\uff09\u4f5f\u6e58\u7389\u6240\u8a00\u3002<br \/>\n[49] \u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u5c31\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6559\u6388\uff08\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ba1\u7406\u548c\uff09\u5224\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u9662\u957f\u8981\u7279\u522b\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff1b\u6559\u6388\u5f80\u5f80\u5199\u51fa\u7279\u522b\u5197\u957f\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff0c\u5927\u8bb2\u7279\u8bb2\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u5b8b\u51b0\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u2015\u2015\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u534e\u6f14\u8bb2\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c33\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[50] Vandevelde, Thinking Like a Lawyer, \u540c\u524d\u6ce85\uff0cp.235.<br \/>\n[51] 2012\u5e742\u670819\u65e5\uff0chttp:\/\/weibo.com\/lizhuangcn\u3002<br \/>\n[52] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., \u201cThe Path of the Law,\u201d Harvard Law Review, vol. 110, No. 5 (1997).<br \/>\n[53] \u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff1a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1995\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c57\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[54] \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7740\u91cd\u53f7\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e9b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6b7b\u5b88\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u65e7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5be1\u5987\u575a\u6301\u5b88\u8282\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u591a\u91cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7136\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u5f70\u3002\u519b\u961f\u4e2d\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u884c\u52a8\u542c\u6307\u6325\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u6307\u6325\u914d\u5408\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6253\u8d25\u4ed7\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u64c5\u81ea\u884c\u52a8\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8bf8\u5982\u8b66\u544a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002<br \/>\n[55] Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, vol.2, University of California Press, 1978, pp.954-956, 973-978.<br \/>\n[56] \u5f20\u5e0c\u5761\uff1a\u300a\u9a6c\u9521\u4e94\u5ba1\u5224\u65b9\u5f0f\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e1983\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[57] Leonard Baker, John Marshall: A Life in Law, Macmillan, 1974.<br \/>\n[58] \u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u65e7\u7ea6\u00b7\u5217\u738b\u8bb0\u4e0a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c16-27\u8282\u3002<br \/>\n[59] Ian Loveland, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 2009, p.87.<br \/>\n[60] Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).<br \/>\n[61] \u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff1f\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u300b1998\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u6ce81\u6240\u5f15\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u3002<br \/>\n[62] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6b64\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5b9e\u8d28\u5148\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u624d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7ba1\u8f96\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u82e5\u6b64\u6848\uff1b\u6b64\u6848\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e5f\u5f88\u591a\u7591\u70b9\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u7406\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5931\u8bef\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e89\u8bae\uff1b\u6b64\u6848\u4e5f\u6ca1\u4ee5\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3a\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u6ca1\u628a\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u6743\u5229\u592a\u5f53\u56de\u4e8b\uff1b\u6b64\u6848\u5176\u5b9e\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6709\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u75db\u65a5\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4e86\u53f0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u800c\u7ed3\u6848\uff1b\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u51b3\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u8861\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u51b3\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\u770b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5148\u4f8b\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\u7684\u624d\u53eb\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u90a3\u53eb\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002<br \/>\n[63] \u201c\u9053\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e3a\u8c0b\u201d\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u2022\u536b\u7075\u516c\u300b\uff09\uff1b\u201c\u4e0d\u641e\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u4e0d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u65f6\u95f4\u5e72\u201d\uff08\u300a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff08\u7b2c3\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1993\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c374\u9875\uff09\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u56db\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u6d1e\u6089\u66f4\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u7279\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u67d0\u4e9b\u6df1\u5c42\u9762\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8005\u90fd\u901a\u60c5\u8fbe\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u8d8b\u5411\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u6b67\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5f53\u770b\u4f3c\u610f\u89c1\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u8bef\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8c08\u5f97\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\u4e45\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\u6df1\u3002\u201dCharles Larmore, The Morals of Modernity, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp.168-169.<br \/>\n[64] \u51af\u8c61\uff1a\u201c\u597d\u5f8b\u5e08\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u597d\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cd5\u7b14\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c160\u9875\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002<br \/>\n[65] \u4f8b\u59822009\u5e74\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u67d0\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u5373\u610f\u72af\u7f6a\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u8352\u8bde\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u5f3a\u5978\u201d\uff0c\u7092\u5f97\u6cb8\u6cb8\u626c\u626c\u3002\u53c2\u770b\uff0chttp:\/\/news.qq.com\/a\/20091102\/001485.htm\u3002<br \/>\n[66] \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce842\uff0c\u7b2c17-18\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[67] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u6cd5\u5b98\u66fe\u5f15\u8bc1\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Patricia M. Wald\uff09\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5189\u594e\u65af\u7279\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u5f15\u8bba\u6ce85\uff0c\u7b2c8\u7ae0\u6ce881\u3002<br \/>\n[68] \u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u90fd\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53ef\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u524d\u6ce835\uff0c\u7b2c24\u7ae0\uff1b\u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u201c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u653f\u6cd5\u5bb6\u95e8\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[69] 2010\u5e7410\u670820\u65e5\u6df1\u591c\uff0c\u897f\u5b89\u97f3\u4e50\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u751f\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\u9a7e\u8f66\u649e\u4eba\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u4f24\u8005\u5f20\u5999\u523a\u4e86\u516d\u5200\u81f4\u5176\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u66dd\u5149\u540e\uff0c\u53d7\u5a92\u4f53\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u53cd\u54cd\u6781\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\u867d\u6709\u6295\u6848\u81ea\u9996\u7684\u53ef\u4ece\u8f7b\u5904\u7f5a\u7684\u60c5\u8282\uff0c\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u5b89\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\u4e86\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u4e8c\u5ba1\u4e5f\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\u5224\u51b3\u3002<br \/>\n[70] \u53ef\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u73a9\u706b\u8005\u5f20\u663e\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/www.infzm.com\/content\/71049\uff1b\u201c\u836f\u5e86\u536b\u8bc9\u5f20\u663e\u4fb5\u6743\u83b7\u8d541\u5143 \u88ab\u544a\u5fae\u535a\u9053\u6b491\u6708\u4e0d\u5f97\u5220\u9664\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/news.cntv.cn\/2012\/07\/31\/ARTI1343722109775237.shtml\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\u540c\u95e8\u5e08\u59b9\u5fae\u535a\u53d1\u5e16\u79f0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u662f\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6345\u6b7b\u53d7\u4f24\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u4e5f\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u6124\u6012\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u3002<br \/>\n[71] 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\/>\n[72] \u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e\uff1a\u300a\u4e4c\u5408\u4e4b\u4f17\uff1a\u5927\u4f17\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u51af\u514b\u5229\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[73] \u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u6c5f\u82cf\u9756\u6c5f\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u6270\u4e71\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e3a\u540d\u62d8\u7559\u4e86\u5f8b\u5e08\u738b\u5168\u748b\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5b66\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u4e5f\u6ca1\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u76f4\u63a5\u504f\u5411\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<br \/>\n[74] \u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u201c\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6d1e\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b2007\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[75] \u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u6d77\u745e\u5b9a\u7406\u2019\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89e3\u8bfb\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[76] \u6700\u5178\u578b\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u6d77\u745e\u4e4b\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u662f\u9ec4\u4ec1\u5b87\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u300a\u4e07\u5386\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff08\u589e\u8ba2\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c2007\u5e74\u3002<br \/>\n[77] \u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e86\uff01\u201dLawrence Lessig, \u201cThe Prolific Iconoclast: Richard Posner,\u201d The American Lawyer (December, 1999) , p.105.<br \/>\n[78] 2011\u5e745\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u515a\u7ec4\u526f\u4e66\u8bb0\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5f20\u519b\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u5211\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u4ece\u6587\u610f\u7406\u89e3\u5211\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848(\u516b)\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u9189\u9152\u6807\u51c6\u9a7e\u9a76\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5f8b\u6784\u6210\u5211\u4e8b\u72af\u7f6a\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5211\u6cd5\u603b\u5219\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u6761:\u201c\u5371\u5bb3\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u60c5\u8282\u663e\u8457\u8f7b\u5fae\u5371\u5bb3\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u72af\u7f6a\u201d\u3002<br \/>\n[79] 2013\u5e742\u670820\u65e5\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5e38\u52a1\u4f1a\u8bae\u786e\u5b9a\u4e94\u9879\u52a0\u5f3a\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5e02\u573a\u8c03\u63a7\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u63aa\u65bd(\u4fd7\u79f0\u201c\u65b0\u56fd\u4e94\u6761\u201d)\u30023\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u529e\u516c\u5385\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u7ee7\u7eed\u505a\u597d\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5e02\u573a\u8c03\u63a7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b\uff0c\u7ec6\u5316\u4e86\u201c\u56fd\u4e94\u6761\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u201c\u575a\u51b3\u6291\u5236\u6295\u673a\u6295\u8d44\u6027\u8d2d\u623f\u201d\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u7a0e\u52a1\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u57ce\u4e61\u5efa\u8bbe\u90e8\u95e8\u8981\u5bc6\u5207\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u5bf9\u51fa\u552e\u81ea\u6709\u4f4f\u623f\u6309\u89c4\u5b9a\u5e94\u5f81\u6536\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0e\u6536\u5f81\u7ba1\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u767b\u8bb0\u7b49\u5386\u53f2\u4fe1\u606f\u80fd\u6838\u5b9e\u623f\u5c4b\u539f\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u5e94\u4f9d\u6cd5\u4e25\u683c\u6309\u8f6c\u8ba9\u6240\u5f97\u768420%\u8ba1\u5f81\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u9879\u63aa\u65bd\u5f15\u8d77\u5e02\u6c11\u6781\u5927\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<br \/>\n[80] \u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u53f2\u71d5\u541b\u3001\u66f9\u4ea6\uff1a\u201c\u4e70\u65b9\u5531\u201820%\u4e2a\u7a0e\u2019\u72ec\u89d2\u620f\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a \u56fd\u9645\u91d1\u878d\u62a5 \u300b2013\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c5\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[81] \u5f20\u56fd\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u623f\u5e02\u9762\u524d\u5a5a\u4e66\u8584\u4f3c\u7eb8\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b2013\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\u7b2c4\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n[82] \u6768\u5f18\u626c\u3001\u738b\u6668\u3001\u5468\u51ef\uff1a\u201c\u79bb\u5a5a\u907f\u7a0e\u53ef\u80fd\u4eba\u8d22\u4e24\u7a7a\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b2013\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\u7b2c4\u7248\u3002\u8d22\u7ecf\u7f51\uff1a\u201c\u6c5f\u82cf\u9ad8\u9662\u5efa\u8bae\u6253\u51fb\u89c4\u907f\u623f\u4ea7\u65b0\u653f\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u5047\u79bb\u5a5a\u53ef\u80fd\u4eba\u8d22\u4e24\u5931\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/estate.caijing.com.cn\/2013-04-03\/112642703.html?_fin\u3002<br \/>\n[83] \u592e\u89c6\u7f51\uff1a\u201c\u836f\u5bb6\u946b\u4e34\u5211\u524d\u62df\u6350\u773c\u89d2\u819c\uff0c\u5f20\u5999\u7236\u4eb2\u79f0\u540c\u60c5\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/news.sohu.com\/20110815\/n316333734.shtml\u3002<br \/>\n[84] 2009\u5e745\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u67d0\u6751\u6751\u6c11\u674e\u660c\u594e\u5c06\u540c\u6751\u768419\u5c81\u5973\u5b50\u738b\u5bb6\u98de\u51fb\u660f\u540e\u5f3a\u5978\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u5c06\u6b64\u5973\u5b50\u4e0e\u51763\u5c81\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u738b\u5bb6\u7ea2\u4e00\u540c\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u6781\u5176\u51f6\u6b8b\uff1b2010\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\u4e00\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\u6b7b\u5211\uff1b2011\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u9ad8\u9662\u4e8c\u5ba1\u6539\u5224\u674e\u660c\u594e\u6b7b\u7f13\u3002\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u738b\u5ef7\u793c\u5411\u7701\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u7701\u9ad8\u9662\u63d0\u51fa\u7533\u8bc9\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u7701\u9ad8\u9662\u542f\u52a8\u518d\u5ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6539\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\uff1b\u4e5f\u5411\u7701\u653f\u6cd5\u59d4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cd5\u59d4\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u90fd\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u7533\u8bf7\u4e66\u3002\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u9ad8\u9662\u7684\u4e8c\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\u5f15\u53d1\u5168\u56fd\u70ed\u8bae\u30022011\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5f00\u5ead\u64a4\u9500\u539f\u4e8c\u5ba1\u6b7b\u7f13\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u6539\u5224\u674e\u660c\u594e\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<br \/>\n[85] \u4e91\u5357\u7701\u9ad8\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u6c11\u4f17\u8d28\u7591\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b5010\u5e74\u540e\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u6746\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u201d\u3002\u5218\u5b50\u745c\u3001\u90fd\u529b\u7ef4\uff1a\u201c\u4e91\u5357\u9ad8\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u516c\u4f17\u72c2\u6b22\u65b9\u5f0f\u52241\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b7b\u5211\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/epaper.xkb.com.cn\/view.php?id=708807\u3002<br \/>\n[86] \u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u7ea0\u9519\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/china.caixin.com\/2011-08-16\/100291506.html\u3002<br \/>\n[87] \u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\uff1a\u201c\u8042\u6811\u658c\u6848\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u63a8\u8bff\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/www.infzm.com\/content\/63324\u3002<br \/>\n[88] \u5f20\u5343\u5e06\u7684\u535a\u5ba2\uff0c\u540e\u5220\u9664\uff1b\u4f46\u8bf7\u770b\uff0chttp:\/\/bbs.tiexue.net\/post2_4885637_1.html\u3002<br \/>\n[89] Richard A. Posner, Public Intellectuals, A Study of Decline, Harvard University Press, 2003, p.167\uff1b\u82cf\u529b\uff1a\u201c\u906d\u9047\u54c8\u59c6\u96f7\u7279\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b2002\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<br \/>\n[90] \u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u7528\u8bed\u3002Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, trans. by Judith Norman, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.5-6.<br \/>\n[91] Max Weber, Economy and Society, \u540c\u524d\u6ce855\uff0c\u9875809-811,818. \u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cRoberto Unger, Law in Modern Society: Toward A Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976, p.66; Sally Ewing, \u201cFormal Justice and the Spirit of Capitalism: Max Weber\u2019s Sociology of Law\u201d, Law &amp; Society Review, vol. 21, No. 3 (1987), pp. 487-512; Duncan Kennedy, \u201cThe Disenchantment of Logically Formal Legal Rationality or Max Weber\u2019s Sociology in the Genealogy of the Contemporary Mode of Western Legal Thought\u201d, Hastings Law Journal, vol.55, 1031 (2004).<br \/>\n[92] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u6700\u597d\u5c06\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u52aa\u529b\u83b7\u5f97\u7279\u5b9a\u5883\u51b5\u4e2d\u6700\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u8d70\u5230\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u7ed3\u679cA\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679cB\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u66f4\u6709\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c31\u4e3aB\u201d\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u653f\u6cbb\u540e\u679c\uff1b\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u201c\u52c3\u6797\u6848\u201d\u5c31\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c165\u3001183-184\u9875\uff09\u3002\u5361\u591a\u4f50\u66fe\u8d5e\u540c\u5730\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u8ba4\u53ef\u5730\u5f15\u8bc1\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u8428\u52d2\u5229\u65af(Saleilles)\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u201c\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u627e\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff08Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of Judicial Process, Yale University Press, 1960, p. 170\uff09; \u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u8fbe\u7ef4\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e3b\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u6f06\u7af9\u751f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bd1\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e1984\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c117\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[93] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u5c31\u8c08\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\u672c\u53ef\u51a0\u540d\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u300b\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c6-7\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[94] \u201c\u8fd1\u5219\u4e0d\u900a\u8fdc\u5219\u6028\u201d\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u9633\u8d27\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u5211\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u5a01\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d4b\u201d\uff08\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300b\u662d\u516c\u516d\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n[95] \u90ed\u5149\u4e1c\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u641e\u5b9a\u5c31\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6446\u5e73\u5c31\u662f\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6ca1\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u4e8b\u2019\u5229\u76ca\u5e73\u8861\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u516c\u6b63\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u6c42\u89e3\u6cd5\u5b98\u793e\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0d\u9ad8\u56f0\u60d1\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b2009\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u524d\u6d59\u6c5f\u9ad8\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u73b0\u4e0a\u6d77\u9ad8\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5e94\u52c7\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u559c\u6b22\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u4eba\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u542c\u5f97\u61c2\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u6709\u70b9\u4ea6\u5e84\u4ea6\u8c10\u5730\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e2d\u57fa\u5c42\u6cd5\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8981\u65e8\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u59a5\u5584\u517c\u987e\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u5408\u7406\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u8c10\u5b89\u5b9a\u3002<br \/>\n[96] 1995\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6709\u672c\u79d1\u5b66\u5386\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ec5\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u6cd5\u5b98\u76846.9%\uff0c\u76f4\u52302004\u5e74\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4e3a51.6%\uff08\u6731\u666f\u6587\u3001\u5f20\u829d\u6885\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2008\u5e742\u670819\u65e5\u7b2c11\u7248\uff09\u3002\u9ad8\u5b66\u5386\u8005\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u4e9b\u7559\u5728\u4e2d\u3001\u57fa\u5c42\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u5168\u56fd3000\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u4e2d\u5171\u5bf9\u5404\u5c42\u7ea7\u5404\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u76f4\u8981\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u6587\u51ed\u5316\u548c\u5b66\u5386\u5316\uff0c\u66fe\u786c\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9886\u5bfc\u73ed\u5b50\u5185\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e88\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u6d4b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u8d70\u4e0a\u9886\u5bfc\u5c97\u4f4d\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u662f\u884c\u653f\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b9e\u9645\u5ba1\u7406\u6848\u4ef6\u3002<br \/>\n[97] \u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u524d\u6ce829\u3002<br \/>\n[98] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7a0b\u71ce\u539f\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u2019\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff1a\u2018\u6cd5\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u2019\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u8be0\u91ca\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u897f\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b(\u54f2\u793e\u7248)2001\u5e74\u7b2c12\u671f\uff1b\u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972003\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u5b59\u7b11\u4fa0\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u672c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e3a\u201c\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u671b\u540d\u751f\u4e49\u7684\u8bd1\u8457\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u683c\u4f26\u987f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c\u6c88\u56fd\u7434\u3001\u80e1\u9e3f\u96c1\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ece\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6cbb\u56fd\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u6cbb\u56fd\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u65e5\u76ca\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff08\u53ef\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u738b\u5c0f\u4e1c\uff1a\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6cbb\u56fd\u5f3a\u4e8e\u6587\u4eba\u6cbb\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u7eff\u53f6\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c7\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u800c2012\u5e74\u79cb\u4e2d\u517118\u5927\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u544a\u522b\u2018\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6cbb\u56fd\u2019\u201d\uff08\u5f20\u6770\uff1a\u201c\u544a\u522b\u2018\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6cbb\u56fd\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u8d22\u7ecf\u6587\u6458\u300b2012\u5e7412\u6708\u520a\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u591a\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5df2\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6309\u637a\u4e0d\u4f4f\u7684\u5174\u594b\u3002<br \/>\n[99] Friedrich Nietzsche, Gay Science, ed. by Bernard Williams, trans. by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp.110-112, 151, \u7b2c110, 265\u6bb5\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0cNietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, \u540c\u524d\u6ce890\u3002<br \/>\n[100] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The University of Chicago Press, 1976\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u5c31\u79f0\u201c\u8981\u5728\u6709\u5173\u5171\u8c0b\u3001\u517c\u5e76\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6362\u3001\u9650\u5236\u4ea7\u54c1\u5206\u914d\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u5784\u65ad\u3001\u62b5\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u5185\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u201c\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u670d\u4ece\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u4e4b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5211\u4e8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6551\u6d4e\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u201d\u300225\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff082nd ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2001\uff09\u4e2d\u5220\u53bb\u4e86\u526f\u6807\u9898\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u89c6\u89d2\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\n[101] Feng Xiang, \u201cThe End of Intellectual Property\u201d, International Critical Thought, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2012, 99-106.<br \/>\n[102] \u9488\u5bf9\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u9500\u552e\u865a\u62df\u8d27\u5e01\u53d6\u5f97\u6536\u5165\u8ba1\u5f81\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bf7\u793a\u300b\uff0c2008\u5e7410\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7a0e\u52a1\u603b\u5c40\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4e70\u5356\u865a\u62df\u8d27\u5e01\u53d6\u5f97\u6536\u5165\u5f81\u6536\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6279\u590d\u300b\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u6536\u8d2d\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u865a\u62df\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u52a0\u4ef7\u540e\u5411\u4ed6\u4eba\u51fa\u552e\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u5e94\u7a0e\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u5e94\u6309\u7167\u201c\u8d22\u4ea7\u8f6c\u8ba9\u6240\u5f97\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u8ba1\u7b97\u7f34\u7eb3\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\uff1b\u7a0e\u7387\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e3a20%\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7a0e\u52a1\u603b\u5c40\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u9500\u552e\u865a\u62df\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u539f\u503c\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u6536\u8d2d\u7f51\u7edc\u865a\u62df\u8d27\u5e01\u6240\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u4ef7\u6b3e\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7a0e\u8d39\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u8d22\u4ea7\u539f\u503c\u51ed\u8bc1\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7a0e\u52a1\u673a\u5173\u6838\u5b9a\u5176\u8d22\u4ea7\u539f\u503c\u3002<br \/>\n[103] \u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u6740\u5951\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u524d\u6ce834\u3002<br \/>\n[104] Holmes, \u201cJohn Marshall,\u201d\u540c\u524d\u6ce84, p.208.<br \/>\n[105] \u5e76\u975e\u8c03\u4f83\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u540e\u8ffd\u8ba4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c11\u5b66\u79d1\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u970d\u59c6\u65af\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u67d0\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4ef6\u65f6\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff08Oliver Wendell Holmes, \u201cThe Path of the Law,\u201d 10 Harvard Law Review 457, 461,1897\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e76\u975e\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff1b\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79f0\u8c13\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6309\u7167\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u597d\u5730\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff08\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u9875283\uff09\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u5e93\u6069\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1970\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u800c\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u65af\u5728\u5176\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff08Ronald H. Coase, How Should Economists Choose? American Enterprise Institute, 1982\uff09\u9690\u542b\u7684\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0d\u7531\u5b9a\u4e49\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u65af\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b9e\u9645\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5e72\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8c01\u662f\u6216\u8005\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c485\u9875\uff09\u3002<br \/>\n[106] \u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c140\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[107] Posner, Law and Literature, \u540c\u524d\u6ce823, pp.345-346.<br \/>\n[108] \u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce836\uff0c\u7b2c564\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[109] \u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u516c\u8ba4\u6700\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u56db\u4f4d\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u3001\u5854\u592b\u7279\u3001\u4f11\u65af\u548c\u6c83\u4f26\u90fd\u5f88\u64c5\u957f\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff1b\u5728\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u884c\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u52a1\u6216\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u624d\u80fd\uff1a\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u662f\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\uff0c\u5854\u592b\u7279\u662f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4f11\u65af\u5f53\u8fc7\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u6c83\u4f26\u662f\u52a0\u5dde\u5dde\u957f\u3002\u53c2\u770b\uff0cHenry A. Abraham, The Judicial Process, An Introductory Analysis of the Courts of the United States, England, and France, 6th ed. Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 56-58, table II\u3002\u53c8\u8bf7\u770b\u6709\u5173\u6c83\u4f26\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5e03\u6717\u6848\uff08Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)\uff09\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u9b45\u529b\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0cDavid M. O\u2019Brien, Storm Center, The Supreme Court in American Politics, 7th ed. W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2005, ch5.<br \/>\n[110] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., \u201cNatural Law,\u201d The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ed.by Richard A. Posner, University Of Chicago Press, 1997, p.180.<br \/>\n[111] William Butler Yeats, Per Amica Silentia Lunae, Macmillan, 1918, p.31.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u82cf\u529b\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8bbf\u95ee\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5929\u5143\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u3002\/ \u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u5317\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2536","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-method"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2536"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2536\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}