\u6458 \u8981\uff1a\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u84dd\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u5dee\u5f02\u8d8b\u4e8e\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff1b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe\u8d8b\u4e8e\u7f13\u548c\uff0c\u84dd\u9886\u5de5\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e0e\u793e\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55,\u52b3\u5de5\u6597\u4e89\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e5\u76ca\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u201d\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002
\n\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff1b\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\uff1b\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\uff1b\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe
\n\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\uff1a\u5434\u6d69\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u4e16\u754c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u535a\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u751f 100871
\n\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u84dd\u9886(blue-collar)\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0d\u65ad\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u529e\u516c\u804c\u5458\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u8d85\u8fc7\u84dd\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff08the new middle class\uff09\u3002\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
\n\u4e00\u3001 \u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u5d1b\u8d77
\n\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u662f\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5927\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u754c\u5b9a\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u6700\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u6839\u636e\u804c\u4e1a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u5c06\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ece\u4e8b\u8111\u4f53\u6df7\u5408\u52b3\u52a8,\u62e5\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8d44\u4ea7\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ecf\u8425(self-employment)\u7684\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3001\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3001\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u8c0b\u804c\u4e1a\u8005\uff08self-employees\uff09,\u800c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u8111\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u4e3a\u4e3b,\u6ca1\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u529e\u516c\u804c\u5458\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u85aa\u91d1\u96c7\u5458\uff08salaried employee\uff09\u3002\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6210\u5458\u79f0\u4e3a\u767d\u9886\uff08white-collar\uff09,\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u84dd\u9886\u3002Mills, C. Wright, White collar: the American middle classes, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 73. \u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\uff09\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684:\u201c\u9664\u4e86\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4ee5\u5916,\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u8fd8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ad9\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2026\u2026\u3002\u201d\u30141\u301575\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7b49\u7ea7,\u5373\u5c0f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5bb6\u3001\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u2026\u2026\u201d\u30142\u3015476\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7b49\u7ea7\u201d\u5728\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u7248\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e3a\u201cmittel klasse\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e2d\u5219\u88ab\u8bd1\u4f5cmiddle class\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\uff09\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u65ad\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3001\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3001\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u3002\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b,\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u519c\u4e1a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u4ea7\u503c\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u4ea7\u503c\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u5e26\u52a8\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u804c\u5458\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u529e\u4e8b\u5458\u7b49\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u804c\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u80a1\u4efd\u5236\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u65e5\u76ca\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u578b\u5784\u65ad\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u4e0e\u529e\u516c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c1900\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5360\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e3a17.1%,1950\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u523036.6%\u30143\u3015139\u30021900\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e3a6.7%,1925\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u523010.9%\u30144\u301528\u3002\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5f00\u59cb\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u5784\u65ad\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3001\u5c0f\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u538b\u7f29\u30021890\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e3a37.5%,1940\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u523020.9%\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd1890\u5e74\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5360\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e3a34.6%,1950\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u523022.6%\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd1900\u5e74\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e3a36.8%,1950\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u4e3a34.4%\u30145\u3015984\u3002
\n\u867d\u713619\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5230\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\uff08\u84dd\u9886\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\uff09\u4f9d\u7136\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4f9d\u7136\u5360\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1950\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u5206\u522b\u4e3a51.9%,18.2%\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u53ea\u670936.6%\u30145\u3015984\u30143\u301539\u3002
\n\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u771f\u6b63\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5e76\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u79d1\u6280\u9769\u547d\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7531\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u84dd\u9886\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u8fc5\u901f\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c1970\u20141991\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u84dd\u9886\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8632.3%,1961\u20141981\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8635.3%,1976\u20141989\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8612.3%\u30146\u301527A\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u8fc5\u901f\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u7ee7\u572870\u201480\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002
\n\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1aManuel Castells and Yuko Aoyama\uff1aPaths Towards The Informational Society: A Comparative Analysis of the Transformation of Employment Structure in the G-7 Countries, 1920\u20142005, P. 27D, 27E,27F, from http:\u2016repositories.cdlib.org\/brie\/BRIEWP61 03\/29\/2008
\n\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e5f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0b\u964d\u30021996\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u5206\u522b\u4e0b\u964d\u4e3a10.6%,13.6%,8.4%\u30021995\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e7\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e5f\u4e0b\u964d\u4e3a11.6%\u3002\u30147\u3015
\n\u4e0b\u9762\u662f90\u5e74\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u56db\u56fd\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u786e\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u84dd\u9886\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4f53\u529b\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3002
\n\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1aManuel Castells and Yuko Aoyama\uff1aPaths Towards The Informational Society: A Comparative Analysis of the Transformation of Employment Structure in the G-7 Countries, 1920\u20142005, P. 27D, 27E,27F, from http:\u2016repositories.cdlib.org\/brie\/BRIEWP61 03\/29\/2008
\n\u4e8c\u3001 \u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f
\n\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u79d1\u6280\u9769\u547d\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u7ecf\u7406\u9769\u547d\u201d\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u90fd\u5bf9\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u58ee\u5927\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e00\uff09 \u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1
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\n\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b\u3001\u5815\u80ce\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7b49\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u300260\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u53cd\u6218\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5987\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c80\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u73af\u4fdd\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u53cd\u6838\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b\u4e89\u53d6\u6743\u76ca\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5815\u80ce\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u4e89\u53d6\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u2026\u2026\u90fd\u662f\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u5411\u524d\u53f0\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u793e\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\u822c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff08\u5982\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u5e73\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u53cd\u6218\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e89\u53d6\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u5815\u80ce\u3001\u6b7b\u5211\u3001\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5927\u591a\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u8eab\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u6743\u5a01\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u52b3\u5de5\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d8\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u6597\u4e89\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5bf9\u5f85\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6216\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u6c11\u610f\u6d4b\u9a8c\u6216\u9009\u7968\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u653f\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\u3002\u82f1\u683c\u5c14\u54c8\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\u7cbe\u82f1\uff08elite-challenging\uff09\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u4ee5\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\uff08issue-oriented\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u63a2\u5bfb\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e00\u5f20\u7a7a\u5934\u652f\u7968\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u6c34\u5e73\u201d\u301421\u3015169\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5c14\u54c8\u7279\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u85aa\u916c\u4f18\u539a\u7684\u65b0\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u301421\u3015142\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9636\u7ea7\u624d\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u6280\u80fd\u3002
\n\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u5408\u7406\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u5f70\u663e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc8\u8fdb\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u4e4b\u6e90\u3002
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a
\n\u30141\u3015\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\uff1a\u7b2c16\u5377\u3014M\u3015.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1956.
\n\u30142\u3015\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\uff1a\u7b2c4\u5377\u3014M\u3015. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1956.
\n\u3014\uff13\u3015U.S. Bureau of Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970\uff0cWashington, D.C., 1975.
\n\u3014\uff14\u3015Arthur, J. Vidich. (ed.). New Middle Classes: life-styles, status claims, and political orientations \u3014C\u3015. New York, 1995.
\n\u3014\uff15\u3015George, Steinmetz and Erik Olin Wright. The Fall and Rise of the Petty Bourgeoisie: Changing Patterns of Self-Employment in the Postwar United States \u3014J\u3015. The American Journal of Sociology, 1989,Vol. 94(5).
\n\u3014\uff16\u3015Manuel, Castells and Yuko Aoyama. Paths Towards the Informational Society: A Comparative Analysis of the Transformation of Employment Structure in the G-7 Countries, 1920\u20142005, from http:\u2016repositories.cdlib.org\/brie\/BRIEWP61.
\n\u3014\uff17\u3015OECD Labour Force Statistics (various).
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