\u3010\u6458\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6001\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u76f8\u5e94\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u800c\u975e\u8870 \u843d\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u518d\u523090\u5e74\u4ee3\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u672c \u6587\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\uff1b\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff1b\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff1b\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a<\/p>\n
\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\uff1a\u5c91\u6811\u6d77\uff081972- \uff09\uff0c\u7537\uff0c\u534e\u4e1c\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77 200237<\/p>\n
\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f<\/p>\n
\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u90fd\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473 \u7740\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u800c\u975e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8870\u843d\u6216\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7814\u7a76\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u653f\u515a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5de6\u4e0e\u53f3\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u3001 \u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6539\u826f\u7684\u5206\u91ce\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba4\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u515a\u5206\u7c7b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f46\u5177\u4f53\u8bba\u8ff0\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5de7\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u8bae\u4f1a\u5185 \u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u540e\u671f\u6210\u719f\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u515a\u7eb2\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u53ca\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u91cd \u5927\u672c\u8d28\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fea\u7ef4\u5c14\u70ed(Maurice Duverger)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8(Otto Kirchheimer)\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u5179(Richard S.Katz)\u3001\u6885\u5c14(Peter Mair)\u6240\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89c6\u89d2\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u6b27\u7f8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3001\u6700\u6709\u539f\u521b\u6027\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u56e0 \u5176\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u6070\u6027\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u7ecf\u5178\u8303\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b \u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u6216\u505c\u7559\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u539f\u5178\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8010\u5fc3\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u5f0f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed3\u4fc3\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e86\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a \u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u5178\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u89c6\u89d2\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u884c\u51c6\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u867d\u7136 \u90fd\u5949\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u56fd\u60c5\u51b5\u7eb7\u7e41\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u6982\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u72af\u4ee5\u504f\u6982\u5168\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d8\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u6ce8\u91cd\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u548c\u653f\u6cbb \u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ece17\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u8bde\u751f\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e00\u6ce2\u63a5\u4e00\u6ce2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u8eab\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684 \u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u529b\u6c42\u628a\u63e1\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n
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\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u771f\u6b63\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u5408\u7684\u5c0f\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u53d1\u6325\u5229\u76ca\u805a\u5408\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u7504\u9009\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u3001\u6784 \u5efa\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ee3\u66ff\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u65b0\u5174\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9c9c\u660e\u3001\u515a\u5458\u5165\u515a\u624b\u7eed\u4e25\u683c\u3001\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e25\u660e\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u975e\u5e38\u4e25 \u5bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5206\u6790\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u672c \u8d28\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279(Philippe Schmitter)\u3002\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e9b\u72ed\u9698\u89c2\u5ff5\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u66f4\u52a0\u591a\u6837\u3001\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u52a0\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7a7a\u95f4 [6]754\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fea\u7ef4\u5c14\u70ed\u7cbe\u82f1\u578b\u653f\u515a\u548c\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8(Otto Kirchheimer)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a(Catch-all Party)\u7684\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u91ce\u754c\u9650\u5f00\u59cb\u6de1\u5316\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240 \u6709\u7684\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5373\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u8bd5\u56fe\u5438\u5f15\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u800c\u4e0d\u60dc\u653e\u5f03\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e3b\u5f20[7]\u3002\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d \u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8272\u5f69\u5927\u4e3a\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7acb\u5f00\u59cb\u6de1\u5316\uff1b\u653f\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6301\u7eed\u52a0\u5f3a\u800c\u515a\u5458\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0b\u964d\uff1b\u653f\u515a\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u9636 \u7ea7\u9636\u5c42\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u501a\u91cd\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u8c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u529b\u56fe\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u7545\u901a[8]\u3002\u4ece\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u8f6c\u53d8\u5230\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d \u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8bc6\u522b\u6807\u5c3a\u4e3a\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u653f\u515a\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u66f4\u5927\uff1b\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6765\u8ffd\u6c42\u9009\u7968\uff1b\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e \u5438\u5f15\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u515a\u7eb2\uff1b\u7cbe\u82f1\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u98ce\u683c\u7b49[7]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e25\u91cd\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u672c \u8d28\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u9636\u7ea7\u6216\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e09\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa50\uff5e60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d8b\u4e8e\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u786e\u5b9a\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u5229\u76ca\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6613\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5168\u4f53\uff1b\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u5927 \u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8fce\u5408\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50[4]7\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u653f\u515a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5f31\u5316\uff0c\u515a \u7eb2\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u7b56\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4f7f\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u9009\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u4f9d\u9760\u6838\u5fc3\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u5982\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u6240\u5206\u6790 \u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u653f\u515a\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89d2\u8272\u53c8\u6b63\u597d\u7b26\u540820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u5404\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4 \u7684\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u59a5\u5584\u5b89\u7f6e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u53ea\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u56e2\u961f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e2\u6216\u662f\u6709\u7a33\u56fa\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u8d5b[4]14\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u515a\u548c\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u5229\u76ca\u6c1b\u56f4(Climate of Unstructured Interests)\uff0c\u5bf9\u9009\u6c11\u548c\u653f\u515a\u672c\u8eab\u5747\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u8ff7\u60d1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8868\u660e\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6b63\u5728\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u5f31(Waning of Opposition and Ideology)[7]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u65e0\u9053\u7406\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8981\u8fce\u5408\u66f4\u591a\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u653f\u7eb2\u4e5f\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684 \u526f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u653f\u515a\u8ba4\u540c\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7531\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8272\u5f69\u9c9c\u660e\u3001\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u515a\u5458\u5bf9\u672c\u515a\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u9636\u6bb5\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7 \u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u672c\u515a\u5728\u9009\u6c11\u4e2d\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u6295\u7968\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u56e0\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cbe\u6e5b\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u5176\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb(Party Politics)\u300b\u671f\u520a\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u7b2c15\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u4e13\u520a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3 \u6700\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u3001\u7528\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15(Social Science Citation Index)\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u81ea1972\u5e74\u8d77\u81f3\u5c11\u5728245\u7bc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u81ea2000\u5e74\u8d77\u88ab\u5f15\u752890\u6b21[9]\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u7684 \u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6982\u5ff5\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n
\u5728\u300a\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u515a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u8bba\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b(Ideal Type)\u2014\u2014\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a(Cartel Party)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e3b\u8981\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6b63\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u5316(Cartelisation)\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u628a\u8fea\u7ef4\u5c14\u70ed\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u653f\u515a\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3001\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b\u662f\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u578b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u540e\u5de5 \u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u7ebf\u53d1\u5c55\u89c2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b(Dialectical Process)\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u5e76\u968f\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u53c8\u4f1a \u523a\u6fc0\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u65b0\u653f\u515a\u53c8\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65b0\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u53cd\u590d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u800c\u5df2 [4]6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u548c\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7814\u7a76\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u548c\u56fd \u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5212\u754c\u3002\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u662f\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u518d\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u67d0\u90e8\u5206\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u9762\u76ee\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u7ad9\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b80\u8a00 \u4e4b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u653f\u515a\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u9886\u57df\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u653f\u515a \u7684\u9886\u57df(Neutral and Party-free Arena)[4]8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6 20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8fea\u7ef4\u5c14\u70ed\u548c\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c \u653f\u515a\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u9886\u57df\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6e17\u900f\u548c\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6df1\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u653f\u515a\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u754c\u9650\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5df2 \u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u5c31\u662f\u6267\u653f\u515a\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u5f97\u73b0\u4ee3 \u4eba\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728(Omnipresent)\u3002\u5728\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u52a8\u5458\u9009\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7 \u5230\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u800c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u66f4\u4e3a\u677e\u6563\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u501f\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b \u653f\u515a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u539f\u610f\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a\u4e86\u5784\u65ad\u4ef7\u683c\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb \u751f\u6d3b\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u53d8\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u53d8\u6210\u8c01\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u4f9d \u8d56\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u7279\u6743\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u653f\u515a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a(\u5305\u62ec\u6267\u653f\u515a\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a)\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b (Inter-party Collusion)\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5408\u4f5c(Inter-party Cooperation)\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0f\u515a\u66f4\u52a0\u96be\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u3002\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a[4]17-21\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u53ef\u4ee5\u610f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u653f\u515a\u8054\u76df\u201d\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u8054\u76df\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u62c6\u5e76\u548c\u91cd\u7ec4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u95e8\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5f31\u5316\u548c\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7ec4 \u7ec7\u7684\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u5316\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u653f\u515a\u9886\u8896\u6216\u7cbe\u82f1\u5206\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u5a92\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5730\u65b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u89c2\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b (Audience Democracy)\u201d\uff0c\u515a\u9b41\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u5728\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u9009\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u66f4\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5982\u4f55 \u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u4f18\u52bf[6]755\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u89c6\u5f71\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u89c9(Image)\u6216\u56fe\u7247\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u65b0\u95fb\u603b\u662f\u6bd4\u8bb8\u591a\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u6587\u672c\u66f4\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u89c2\u4f17\u4e0e\u542c\u4f17\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4f20 \u7edf\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u5982\u7f51\u7edc\u8138\u8c31(Facebook)\u3001\u63a8\u7279(Twitter)\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7ad9\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u9009\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u610f\u5411\u548c\u9009\u6c11\u610f\u89c1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740 \u6295\u7968\u548c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u8d70\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u89c6\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6574\u5408\u524d\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5361\u5179 \u548c\u6885\u5c14\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u89d2\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4ece\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u515a\u3001\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u3001\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u5230\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f53\u7cfb[4]18\u3002\u5982\u56fe\u8868\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6001 \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u5206\u522b\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u6027\u3002\u5c31\u7279\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u4e0d\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u53d8\u5316\u751a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6001 \u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5206\u7c7b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5206\u7c7b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u793a\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b17 \u53d8\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\uff1a\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u9636\u7ea7\u96c6\u56e2\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5411\u7740\u66f4\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u9636\u5c42\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5b17\u53d8\u3002[2]75\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u62db\u52df\u6210\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5730\u65b9 \u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u5f97\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u5c42\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a \u65b0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u4ecd\u5f88\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd8\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6709\u653f\u515a\u95f4\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5982\u5965\u5730 \u5229\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u82ac\u5170\u3001\u632a\u5a01\u548c\u745e\u5178\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0[4]17\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e93\u52d2\u5728\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ece\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u653f\u515a\u5411\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8(Qualitative Shift)\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff1b\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1b\u666e\u901a\u515a\u5458\u548c\u653f\u515a\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u89c1\u88681[10]<\/p>\n
\u5e93\u52d2\u5728\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f88\u96be\u660e\u786e\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u754c\u5b9a\u6b64\u7c7b\u578b\u653f\u515a\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u6027\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1b\u5047\u5982\u628a\u5361\u7279 \u5c14\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u8d22\u653f50\uff05\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u6e05\u6670\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u628a\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81 \u5e76\u975e\u72ec\u6709\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u6709\u7279\u6743\u63a5\u8fd1\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u901a\u9053\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u515a\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6bd4\u8f83\u677e\u6563\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5e93 \u52d2\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5171\u8c0b\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u793e \u4f1a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u653f\u515a\u83dc\u5355\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u83dc\u5355[11]508\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5206\u6790\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5f20\u5c0f\u52b2\u6f0f\u8bd1\u4e86\u5361\u5179\u4e0e\u6885\u5c14\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014Stratarchy\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u827e\u5fb7 \u65af\u5a01\u5c14\u5fb7(S.J.Eldersveld)\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u5c42\u5316\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\u9ad8 \u5ea6\u5206\u5316\u7684\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u5f0f\u6a21\u578b(Hierarchical Pattern)\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u62c5\u5f53\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u81ea\u5730\u4f4d\u53c8\u4fdd\u6301\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u827e\u5fb7\u65af\u5a01\u5c14\u5fb7\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u5206\u6790\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f \u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u6743\u5316(Decentralization)[12]\u3002\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u540c\u6837\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4 \u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u66f4\u4e3a\u677e\u6563\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5316\u201d(Americanization of European Politics)\u3002\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56(\u515a\u7eb2)\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4ece\u4e8b\u4eba\u5458\u62db\u52df\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743(Mutual Autonomy)\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5904\u7406\u5730\u65b9\u4e8b\u52a1 \u65b9\u9762\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684[4]8\u3002\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8f6c\u578b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u7740\u7c7b\u4f3c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u653f\u515a\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5374\u6709 \u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u8bc1\u662f2010\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u540e\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u515a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u7ec4\u5efa\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u653f\u515a\u95f4 \u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c31\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u5927\u5236\u5ea6\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u4e8e\u5176\u5b58\u7eed\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e93\u52d2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u5728\u5206\u6790\u5361\u7279 \u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u666e\u901a\u515a\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u8fc7\u591a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u8054\u90a6\u5316 (Federalization)\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u5206\u6790\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u515a\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5728\u5904\u7406\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u4e8b\u52a1\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5730 \u65b9\u53c8\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u907f\u514d\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u5730\u65b9\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5e72\u6d89[11]518\u3002\u4f2f\u83b1\u8036\u5c14(Bolleyer)\u5728\u5361\u8fea(Carty)\u3001\u827e\u5fb7\u65af\u5a01\u5c14\u5fb7\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f \u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u5316\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5316(Party Hierarchies\uff0cStratarchies and Federations)\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e09\u91cd\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u578b(Threefold Typology)[13]315\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u6838\u5fc3\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90(\u5982\u56fd\u4f1a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6743\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u89e3\u51b3\u673a\u5236\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u6743\u7b49)\u96c6\u4e2d\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u5404\u5730\u533a\u5229 \u76ca\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Stratarchies\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5960\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u5730\u65b9\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u653f\u515a \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5404\u673a\u6784\u95f4\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9700\u8981\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u52a8\u5458\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e8c\u8005\u53c8\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9 \u515a\u7eb2\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5316\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u5316(Heavily Decentralized Parties)[13]316\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u515a\u8054\u90a6\u5316\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6784\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u533a\u57df\u6027\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u638c \u8235\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5361\u8feastratarchies\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u6743\u529b\u5206\u6563\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u800c\u827e\u5fb7\u65af \u5a01\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684stratarchies\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6743\u529b\u5206\u6563\u7684\u672b\u7aef\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5316[13]317\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5316(\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u5316)\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307 \u653f\u515a\u5185\u90e8(Intraparty)\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684(Inter-party)\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5218\u7ea2\u51db\u4ece\u96c6\u6743\u7a0b\u5ea6(\u6216\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u89d2\u5ea6)\u628a\u653f\u515a\u5206\u6210\u51e0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u5be1\u5934\u96c6\u6743\u578b\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u578b\u3001\u6709\u9650\u96c6\u6743\u578b\u3001\u5206\u6743\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u7167\u4e0d\u540c\u6307\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790 [14]119-127\u3002\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\u96c6\u6743\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u4f8b\u8bc1\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u662f\u96c6\u6743\u8fd8\u662f\u5206\u6743\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u660e\u786e\u6027\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u8be5\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e \u56fd\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u677e\u6563\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u751a\u5f31[14]125\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e24\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5168 \u56fd\u6027\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u88ab\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e24\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5468\u6dd1\u771f\u3001\u51af\u6c38\u5149\u6240\u5206\u6790\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u572820\u4e16 \u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5dde\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u515a\u628a\u6301\u7740\u63d0\u540d\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5927\u6743\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f53\u7cfb\u9876\u5c42\u7684\u7a7a\u67b6\u5b50\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u6743\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u65e0\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\u968f\u7740\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u7f51\u7edc\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u6bcf\u56db\u5e74\u4e00\u6b21\u7684 \u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u662f\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u540d\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684 \u7ba1\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53[15]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u8870\u843d\u8fd8\u662f\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n
\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cbe\u82f1\u578b\u2192\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u2192\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u578b\u2192\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u57fa\u5c14\u6d77\u9ed8\u90a3\u6837\u62b1\u7740\u60b2\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8981\u628a\u653f\u515a \u7684\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u6539\u53d8\u4e0e\u5176\u8870\u843d(Decline)\u3001\u5931\u8d25(Failure)\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u578b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u515a\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8870\u843d\u6216\u662f\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u653f\u515a\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c \u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u9002\u5e94\u7740\u65b0\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u8eab\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8f83\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d8\u5316\u540c\u6837\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u8003\u8651\u56fd\u5185\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u8003\u8651 \u56fd\u9645\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u6790\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u578b\u653f\u515a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc7\u591a\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u56fd\u5185\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[6]754\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u662f\u968f\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u5236 \u5ea6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u3001\u8c03\u9002\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u80fd\u529b(Adaptability)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6b63\u5982\u5361\u5179\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7 \u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u7ebf\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5230\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u4ece\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u5230\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5b17\u53d8\uff0c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u6240\u6709\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f \u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u591a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f17\u578b\u653f\u515a\u3002\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9002\u5e94\u5185\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5916 \u90e8\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u76f8\u4e92\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u653f\u515a\u662f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n
[1]MAURICE DUVERGER.Political parties:the organization and activity in the modern state[M].London:Methuen; New York.Wiley,1954.<\/p>\n
[2]\u5f20\u5c0f\u52b2.\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b17\u53d8\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7[J].\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c2002(4).<\/p>\n
[3]\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66(\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248)[M].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\uff1a561.<\/p>\n
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[5]SAMUEL P HUNTINGTON.Political Order in Changing Societies[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1968:412-433.<\/p>\n
[6]RICHARD S.KATZ,PETER MAIR.The Cartel Party Thesis:A Restatement[J].Party Politics,2009(4).<\/p>\n
[7]OTTO KIRCHEIRMER.The Transformation of West European Party Systems[M]\/\/JOSEPH LAPALOMBARA& MYRON WEINER(eds.):Political Parties and Political Development.Princeton :Princeton University Press,1966:177-200.<\/p>\n
[8]WILLIAM E.WRIGHT.Comparative Party Models:Rational Efficient and Party Democracy[M]\/\/WRIGHT(ed.),A Comparative Study of Party Organization [M].Columbus,Ohio:Merrill,1971:17-54.<\/p>\n
[9]MICHELLE HALE WILLIAMS.Catch -All in the Twenty-First Century? Revisiting Kirchheimer’s Thesis40 Years Later:An Introduction[J].Party Politics,2009(5):539.<\/p>\n
[10]NICOLE BOLLEYER.Inside the Cartel Party:Party Organisation in Government and Opposition[J].Political Studies,2009(57):561.<\/p>\n
[11]RUUD KOOLE.Cadre,Catch -all or Cartel?:A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party[J].Party Politics,1996(4).<\/p>\n
[12]S.J.ELDERSVELD.Political Parties,A Behavorial Analysis[M].Chicago:Rand McNally College Publishing Company,1964:9.<\/p>\n
[13]NICOLE BOLLEYER.New Party Organization in Western Europe:of Party Hierarchies,Stratarchies and Federations[J].Party Politics,2012(3).<\/p>\n
[14]\u5218\u7ea2\u51db.\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u5206\u6790[J].\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c2010(5).<\/p>\n
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