{"id":374,"date":"2013-05-06T18:55:54","date_gmt":"2006-05-24T13:14:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lawjar.com\/?p=374"},"modified":"2025-11-13T14:52:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T06:52:18","slug":"%e6%9b%b9%e8%89%b3%e6%98%a5%ef%bc%9a%e8%ae%ba%e9%9b%87%e4%b8%bb%e7%9a%84%e4%bf%9d%e6%8a%a4%e7%85%a7%e9%a1%be%e4%b9%89%e5%8a%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/?p=374","title":{"rendered":"\u66f9\u8273\u6625\uff1a\u8bba\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u6458\u8981<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6, \u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6, \u672c\u6587\u5728\u68b3\u7406\u5176\u5404\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u540c\u65f6,\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u8d4b\u4e88\u96c7\u4e3b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u4f9d\u636e, \u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u96c7\u4e3b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\u96c7\u4e3b;\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1;\u8d23\u4efb<\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u6307\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5177\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u5b89\u5168\u4e0d\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u6216\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u8fdd\u53cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1, \u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00<\/strong><strong>\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u68b3\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48?\u5b66\u754c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1,\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1, \u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ed8\u793a\u8d23\u4efb\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00) \u4e3b\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e2d, \u4ee5\u4eba\u672c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u503a\u4e4b\u5173\u7cfb, \u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u52b3\u52a1\u4e3a\u6807\u7684\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u4e4b\u5916, \u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u4eba\u683c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e2d, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u52b3\u5de5\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u5de5\u8d44\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u5916, \u5c1a\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1; \u800c\u52b3\u5de5\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u52b3\u52a1\u4e4b\u5916, \u5c1a\u6709\u5fe0\u8bda\u52e4\u52c9\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u8272\u5f69\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u5fe0\u8bda\u52e4\u52c9\u4e49\u52a1, \u5b66\u754c\u6709\u4e3b\u5f20\u7cfb\u9644\u5c5e\u4e49\u52a1\u8005\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64, \u7b14\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c, \u76d6\u9644\u5c5e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ecd\u4e0d\u8131\u4ee5\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5de2\u81fc, \u5c06\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u4e3a\u9644\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u529b, \u8fdd\u53cd\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u503a\u52a1\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u6548\u679c, \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u5fe0\u8bda\u52e4\u52c9\u4e49\u52a1\u4e43\u662f\u4e0e\u5de5\u8d44\u7ed9\u4ed8\u3001\u52b3\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u4e3b\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1, \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1, \u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u89c6\u4eba\u683c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c) \u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u4ee3\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba, \u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d, \u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005, \u5355\u65b9\u8d1f\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1, \u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u53d1\u751f\u5de5\u4f24\u4e8b\u6545, \u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u8fdd\u53cd\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u56e0\u800c, \u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5bf9\u53d7\u4f24\u8005\u8d1f\u6709\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u800c\u975e\u5408\u540c\u7ea6\u5b9a\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb, \u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u8bba\u53d7\u4f24\u8005\u6709\u65e0\u8fc7\u5931\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09) \u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u9ec4\u8302\u8363\u5148\u751f\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1, \u5fe0\u5b9e\u4e49\u52a1\u3001\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u7b49\u4e5f\u88ab\u5408\u79f0\u4e3a\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u88ab\u8bba\u4ee5\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4f5c\u606f\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u798f\u5229(\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u4f24\u75c5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u8d23\u4efb\u4fdd\u9669)\u3001\u5c31\u804c\u6743(die Beschaftigungspflicht)\u3002\u88ab\u8bba\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u573a\u6240\u3001\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002<sup>[3]<\/sup>\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u5c06\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a1\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd: \u4e00\u662f\u62a5\u916c\u652f\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1, \u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1; \u4e8c\u662f\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1, \u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u8bc1\u660e\u4e66\u4ea4\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1\u7b49\u3002<sup>[4~ 5]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>(\u56db) \u9ed8\u793a\u8d23\u4efb<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd, \u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u4ee5\u9ed8\u793a\u8d23\u4efb\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\u4e2d, \u9664\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u660e\u793a\u6761\u6b3e\u5916, \u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ed8\u793a\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\u7684\u9ed8\u793a\u6761\u6b3e\u65f6, \u82f1\u56fd\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u5e94\u5f53\u8003\u8651: \u4e00\u662f\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u662f\u53cc\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u7684, \u4f46\u5728\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a; \u4e8c\u662f\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u5bf9\u5408\u540c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u9700\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6837, \u6cd5\u9662\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u5217\u5165\u5408\u540c\u4e4b\u4e2d, \u4f7f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u9ed8\u793a\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u5728\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a, \u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u5408\u7406\u5730\u7167\u987e\u96c7\u5458\u3002\u4f55\u8c13\u96c7\u4e3b \u5408\u7406\u5730\u7167\u987e \u8d23\u4efb? \u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89e3\u91ca: \u7b2c\u4e00, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u5f53\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u6240\u5177\u5907\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6, \u91c7\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u63aa\u65bd, \u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5b89\u5168; \u7b2c\u4e8c, \u96c7\u5458\u6709\u6743\u6309\u7167\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u884c\u4e8b, \u9664\u975e\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4f1a\u8fdd\u53cd\u5e38\u7406; \u7b2c\u4e09, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u5408\u7406\u5730\u8ddf\u4e0a\u6216\u8fd0\u7528\u67d0\u9879\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55; \u7b2c\u56db, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3, \u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5e94\u5f53\u91c7\u53d6\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9632\u8303\u63aa\u65bd; \u7b2c\u4e94, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u548c\u6d88\u9664\u5371\u9669\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u9632\u8303\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3001\u6210\u672c\u53ca\u5176\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e0d\u4fbf\u4f5c\u51fa\u8861\u91cf\u3002<sup>[6]<\/sup>\u53d7\u82f1\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd, \u9999\u6e2f\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u8303\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e5f\u5c06\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5951\u7ea6\u9ed8\u793a\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u8be5\u5c0a\u91cd\u53ca\u5408\u7406\u5730\u7167\u987e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba, \u5305\u62ec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u80fd\u80dc\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<sup>[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e94) \u7279\u522b\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d, \u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u65b9\u9762: \u652f\u4ed8\u62a5\u916c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1, \u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4e49\u52a1, \u5176\u4ed6\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e2d, \u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u4e2d, \u800c\u662f\u5355\u5217\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7279\u522b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u4e49\u52a1\u4e92\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u4e49\u52a1, \u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6027\u8d28\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7279\u522b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u98ce\u7eaa\u7b49, \u5e94\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5728\u5176\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5e94\u7279\u522b\u8981\u6539\u5584\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6, \u4ee5\u4f7f\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u751f\u547d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u96c7\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u52b3\u52a8\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3001\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ca\u5de5\u5177, \u8fd8\u6709\u516c\u5171\u805a\u96c6\u573a\u6240\u3001\u6ede\u7559\u53ca\u4f11\u606f\u5ba4\u7b49\u90fd\u5e94\u59a5\u5584\u5b89\u6392\u3002[<sup>5](88) <\/sup>\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u8d1f\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e4b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u6b64\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fe0\u5b9e\u4e49\u52a1\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb, \u7531\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u4e4b\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u751f\u4e4b\u7279\u522b\u4e49\u52a1, \u5373\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u4e4b\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u98ce\u7eaa\u3001\u4fe1\u6559\u7b49\u5e94\u52a0\u4ee5\u5e87\u62a4\u3002\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u4f9d\u5de5\u5382\u6cd5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e4b\u516c\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u6709\u522b, \u524d\u8005\u4e3a\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0a\u5f53\u7136\u4e4b\u6548\u679c\u6240\u8ba4\u4e4b\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e49\u52a1, \u5176\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e3a\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u3002<sup>[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd, \u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u5206\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u6b21\u8981\u4e49\u52a1, \u9664\u63d0\u4f9b\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u652f\u4ed8\u62a5\u916c\u662f\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e49\u52a1\u5916, \u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[6] (207) <\/sup>\u663e\u7136, \u6cd5\u56fd\u5c06\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5217\u4e3a\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u516d) \u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u672c\u8d28\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u672c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u5b89\u5168\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0d\u662f\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e49\u52a1, \u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e49\u52a1, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u53d7\u96c7\u8005\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u4ef7\u503c, \u7531\u8be5\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a, \u751f\u547d\u5065\u5eb7\u6743\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u9996\u5148\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6743\u5229, \u5b89\u5168\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u7efc\u4e0a, \u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e0e\u6839\u636e, \u90fd\u6709\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u9762,\u4e3b\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u628a\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e0e\u652f\u4ed8\u5de5\u8d44\u62a5\u916c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0a, \u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\u4f26\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8003\u8651, \u662f\u91cd\u89c6\u4eba\u683c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c,\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9053\u7406, \u4f46\u5176\u4f9d\u636e\u4ecd\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u9644\u968f\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u4ee5\u6c11\u6cd5\u503a\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c, \u6709\u8f7b\u89c6\u4eba\u4f26\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u8bf4\u672a\u80fd\u6982\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u7c7b\u578b, \u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9ed8\u793a\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u7279\u522b\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u672c\u8d28\u4e49\u52a1\u4e09\u8005\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u6027, \u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6240\u5728, \u6709\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u5c31\u6709\u6b64\u4e49\u52a1, \u8fd9\u5bf9\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u5468\u5168\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u91c7\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u672c\u8d28\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u66f4\u597d\u4e9b, \u6bd4\u8f83\u76f4\u89c2\u5177\u4f53,\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c<\/strong><strong>\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u6cd5\u7406\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5462? \u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6cd5\u7406\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00) \u6cd5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6700\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6548\u7387\u76ee\u6807\u662f:\u201c\u4fb5\u6743\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u4f7f\u9884\u9632\u3001\u4e8b\u6545\u548c\u884c\u653f\u8d39\u7528\u51cf\u4f4e\u5230\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u201d<sup>[10] <\/sup>\u4f46\u540c\u65f6, \u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u51cf\u4f4e\u662f\u4e8b\u6545\u6cd5\u6700\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u6807,\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00,\u4e8b\u6545\u6cd5\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u516c\u6b63( just or fair) \u7684;\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u51cf\u4f4e\u4e8b\u6545\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u3002\u201d<sup>[11]<\/sup>\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u6548\u7387\u201d\u65f6, Calabresi \u9996\u5148\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec: \u7b2c\u4e00,\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a,\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u660e\u77e5\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u8981\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b, \u5982\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u4f4e\u4e8b\u6545\u8d39\u7528\u65f6, \u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u5e02\u573a( market) \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5,\u4f46\u5bf9\u4eba\u547d\u4e0e\u91d1\u94b1\u6216\u8005\u4fbf\u5b9c\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e76\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u91d1\u94b1\u95ee\u9898,\u56e0\u6b64,\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u6709\u975e\u91d1\u94b1\u6027\u7684\u8d39\u7528( \u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u201c\u8d39\u7528\u201d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u91d1\u94b1\u8ba1\u7b97) \u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09,\u7531\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u5206\u914d\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u662f,\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4eba\u65b9\u9762\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762,\u90fd\u662f\u628a\u635f\u5931\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u5206\u6563\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u662f, \u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5206\u6563,\u90fd\u8981\u5c06\u635f\u5931\u8bfe\u4ee5\u6700\u6709\u8d54\u507f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u6216\u8005\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u7ea7( class),\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d22\u653f\u4e0a\u6700\u5bcc\u88d5\u8005(wealthiest)\u201d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u662f,\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5c06\u635f\u5931\u8bfe\u4ee5\u4f7f\u635f\u5931\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7b2c\u56db,\u4e8b\u6545\u8d39\u7528\u53ea\u6709\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u8d1f\u62c5\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u7406\u3002<sup>[12]<\/sup>\u8fd0\u7528Calabresi \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5206\u6790\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027,\u800c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6700\u83b7\u5229\u8005\u662f\u96c7\u4e3b,\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u5371\u9669\u8005\u5374\u662f\u96c7\u5458;\u96c7\u5458\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u5371\u9669\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u4e2d,\u96c7\u5458\u867d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u52b3\u52a8\u62a5\u916c\u800c\u5de5\u4f5c,\u4f46\u4e0e\u96c7\u4e3b\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u76f8\u6bd4,\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u62a5\u916c,\u6839\u636e\u62a5\u507f\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u5229\u4e4b\u6240\u5728, \u635f\u4e4b\u6240\u5f52\u201d;\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u5371\u9669\u662f\u5728\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u96c7\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684,\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0e\u96c7\u5458\u4e8c\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4,\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u6563\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u96c7\u4e3b;\u4ece\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u770b,\u5371\u9669\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u7531\u96c7\u5458\u627f\u53d7\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027(\u906d\u53d7\u8eab\u5fc3\u7684\u75db\u82e6,\u91d1\u94b1\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u586b\u5e73),\u7531\u96c7\u4e3b\u627f\u62c5\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027,\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u7406\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c, \u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u80fd\u591f\u63a7\u5236\u751f\u4ea7\u5371\u9669\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u5c3d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0a\u7684\u5371\u9669,\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8b\u6545\u53d1\u751f\u7387, \u51cf\u4f4e\u4e8b\u6545\u8d39\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c) \u7b26\u5408\u5371\u9669\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4,\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u52a0\u5bb3\u4eba\u548c\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u6216\u5371\u9669\u6e90\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd1\u56e0\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8d23\u4efb, \u8d23\u4efb\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ecb\u5165(eingreifen)\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[13]<\/sup>\u5728\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d23\u4efb\u539f\u59cb\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u8d23\u4efb\u9886\u57df\u5185, \u76d1\u7763\u8005\u63a7\u5236\u6f5c\u5728\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u6e90\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\u5bf9\u65b9\u5c06\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5229\u76ca, \u804c\u4e1a\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e49\u52a1, \u5982\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e0d\u4e3a\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d23\u4efb\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u6297\u8fa9\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u504f\u504f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u6211\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002<sup>[13](267, 269)<\/sup>\u9664\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u53d7\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u6cd5(\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5408\u540c\u6cd5) \u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5916, \u4ece\u5371\u9669\u6e90\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u8005\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u5236\u6b62\u5371\u9669\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u3002<sup>[13] ( 275) <\/sup>\u5371\u9669\u63a7\u5236\u4e49\u52a1\u53ef\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u7c7b:\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f97\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u81ea\u5df1\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u544a\u6216\u544a\u77e5\u7684\u53d1\u51fa,\u4f46\u5728\u7279\u522b\u5371\u9669\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u660e\u793a\u7981\u6b62\u6216\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u53ca\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u63a5\u89e6\u77f3\u68c9\u7684\u96c7\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u9632\u62a4\u8863,\u5bf9\u5546\u5e97\u4ed3\u5e93\u5185\u53d7\u80cc\u90e8\u635f\u4f24\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u642c\u8fd0\u5de5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u642c\u8fd0\u673a\u5668,\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6392\u9664\u5371\u9669\u6e90\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u79cd\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5f52\u7c7b\u7684\u76ee\u7684, \u4f46\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5374\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u5982\u96c7\u4e3b\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0a,\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u96c7\u5458\u673a\u5668\u6216\u9632\u62a4\u54c1\u4f7f\u5176\u5f97\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u907f\u514d\u5371\u9669\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f,\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u96c7\u5458\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u5668\u5177\u3002<sup>[13]( 275- 277)<\/sup>\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7b26\u5408\u5371\u9669\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8981\u6c42,\u8ba9\u96c7\u4e3b\u627f\u62c5\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u5371\u9669,\u964d\u4f4e\u635f\u5bb3\u53d1\u751f,\u63d0\u9ad8\u793e\u4f1a\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09) \u4f53\u73b0\u516c\u53f8\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u7406\u5ff5<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3\u516c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u4e3a\u80a1\u4e1c\u4eec\u8d5a\u94b1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u76ee\u7684,\u5e94\u5f53\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u589e\u8fdb\u80a1\u4e1c\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca,\u5305\u62ec\u804c\u5de5\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u503a\u6743\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u4e2d\u5c0f\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u73af\u5883\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5f31\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9,\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6743,\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u4eba\u548c\u975e\u6cd5\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5229\u76ca<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u96c7\u4e3b\u5728\u8c0b\u53d6\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u5e94\u5bf9\u5176\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5229\u76ca\u2014\u2014\u8eab\u5fc3\u5065\u5eb7\u8d1f\u8d23,\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u516c\u53f8\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u867d\u7136\u5df2\u5c3d\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u529b\u91cf,\u4ecd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u96c7\u5458\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u53d1\u751f, \u6b64\u65f6\u7531\u96c7\u4e3b\u627f\u62c5\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u8d23\u4efb,\u8d4b\u4e88\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u6b63\u662f\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8981\u6c42,\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u6db5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u56db) \u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u8d28\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u6c11\u4e8b\u7acb\u6cd5\u601d\u6f6e,\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e49\u52a1\u672c\u4f4d\u7acb\u6cd5\u5230\u6743\u5229\u672c\u4f4d\u7acb\u6cd5,\u518d\u7531\u6743\u5229\u672c\u4f4d\u7acb\u6cd5\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u4f4d\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55;\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e00\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u5230\u7acb\u6cd5\u6ce8\u610f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53(\u6bd4\u5982\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u8005)\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4,\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b;\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7531\u5f62\u5f0f\u5e73\u7b49\u5230\u5b9e\u8d28\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u5373\u4e3a\u5176\u4f8b\u3002<sup>[15]<\/sup>\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u53cc\u65b9\u5730\u4f4d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5c06\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u540c\u89c6\u4e3a\u5951\u7ea6\u53cc\u65b9\u7ed9\u4e88\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4,\u5b83\u65e0\u89c6\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5f31\u5c0f,\u65e0\u89c6\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5dee\u522b,\u65e8\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u6743\u5229\u4e49\u52a1\u5bf9\u7b49\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5219\u57fa\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4eba\u683c\u8bc6\u522b,\u5728\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5f31\u8005\u5904\u5883\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b,\u7ad9\u5728\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7ed9\u4e88\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u4e00\u65b9\u89c4\u5b9a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6743\u5229, \u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e00\u65b9\u5219\u8bbe\u7f6e\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u6b63\u4e49\u3002\u8d4b\u4e88\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u8ba9\u96c7\u4e3b\u627f\u62c5\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u73b0\u4ee3\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6f6e\u6d41\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e94) \u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5728\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u503a\u7684\u5951\u7ea6,\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4eba\u4f26\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\u5177\u6709\u4eba\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4eba\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027,\u5373\u8d1f\u6709\u52b3\u52a1\u7ed9\u4ed8\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u65b9\u57fa\u4e8e\u660e\u793a\u3001\u9ed8\u793a\u6216\u4f9d\u52b3\u52a8\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28,\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u65f6\u95f4\u5185,\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u4e4b\u4e60\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u884c\u652f\u914d\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e4b\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u6307\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u96c7\u4e3b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5185,\u4f46\u4e0e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\u95f4\u4e4b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u8d22\u653f\u72b6\u51b5\u65e0\u5173,\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b,\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u4e4b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u672a\u5fc5\u4e0d\u5982\u96c7\u4e3b\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8425\u4e1a\u52b3\u52a8,\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba, \u4e3a\u8be5\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u52b3\u52a8,\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u663e\u7136\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u610f\u4e49,\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u5373\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u5de5\u5177\u4ece\u4e8b\u52b3\u52a8,\u4ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6307\u6325\u6027\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u6027\u6216\u521b\u4f5c\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4f5c\u52a0\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<sup>[1](94)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u5458\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c,\u96c7\u4e3b\u8d1f\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6,\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5408\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u7b49,\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u96c7\u5458\u514d\u4e8e\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96c7\u4e3b\u6ca1\u6709\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u4fdd\u969c\u96c7\u5458\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u5bfc\u81f4\u96c7\u5458\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3,\u96c7\u4e3b\u81ea\u5e94\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09<\/strong><strong>\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b83\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8d23\u4efb, \u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4eba\u8eab\u7684\u8d23\u4efb \u201d\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u6307\u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5c3d\u5230\u201c\u5408\u7406\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8fc7\u5931\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u6807\u51c6\u3002<sup>[16]<\/sup>\u53e6\u5916,\u96c7\u4e3b\u201c\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u201d\u4e0b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb,\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u201c\u4e25\u683c\u201d\u7684\u30021891 \u5e74\u7684Smith v Baker( Charles)&amp;Sons \u4e00\u6848\u786e\u7acb,<sup>\u2460 <\/sup>\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5408\u540c\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u5c3d\u5230\u5408\u7406\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1, \u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u907f\u514d\u96c7\u5458\u9762\u4e34\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002<sup>[17]<\/sup>\u4e3a\u5c65\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e49\u52a1,\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\u6d89\u53ca:\u7b2c\u4e00, \u9009\u62e9\u96c7\u5458;\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u5173\u4e8e\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a;\u7b2c\u4e09,\u5de5\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<sup>[16] (264)<\/sup>\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u9664\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4ee5\u5916,\u8fd8\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u96c7\u4e3b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00) \u4eba\u8eab\u4e4b\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4,\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c,\u4e0d\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u53ca\u804c\u4e1a\u75c5\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1:1. \u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u5411\u96c7\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b26\u5408\u52b3\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u536b\u751f\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u96c7\u5458\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u673a\u5668\u7b49, \u5e94\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684; \u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5b9a\u65f6\u68c0\u6d4b\u5176\u673a\u5668\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027, \u53ca\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u9690\u60a3, \u79ef\u6781\u91c7\u53d6\u9632\u6b62\u5371\u9669\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9884\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u6280\u672f\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u5458\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6, \u53ea\u6709\u96c7\u5458\u4e86\u89e3\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027, \u61c2\u5f97\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u5371\u9669, \u624d\u8c08\u5f97\u4e0a\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u5065\u5168\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ba1\u7406\u5236\u5ea6, \u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u89c4\u5219\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u5065\u5168\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e25\u683c\u53bb\u5b9e\u65bd, \u5bf9\u51cf\u5c11\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u7763\u4fc3\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u96c7\u5458\u4e25\u683c\u6309\u64cd\u4f5c\u89c4\u7a0b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u53bb\u505a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u5408\u7406\u9009\u4efb\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u96c7\u5458\u65b9\u9762,\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u96c7\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u65e0\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc3\u7684\u96c7\u5458,\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c7\u5458\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u4e8b\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0d\u89e3\u96c7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c7\u5458, \u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u5931\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002<sup>[ 16](264)<\/sup>\u57281957 \u5e74\u7684Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co. Ltd. \u4e00\u6848\u4e2d,<sup>\u2461<\/sup>\u539f\u544a\u56e0\u540c\u4f34\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u6076\u4f5c\u5267\u800c\u53d7\u4f24\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u867d\u7136\u77e5\u9053\u6076\u4f5c\u5267\u8005\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u7684\u7656\u597d, \u4f46\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u96c7\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u3002\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f, \u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u800c\u627f\u62c5\u8fc7\u5931\u8d23\u4efb,\u539f\u544a\u53ef\u4ee5\u80dc\u8bc9\u3002<sup>[16]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c) \u4eba\u683c\u4e4b\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec71999 \u5e746 \u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7b2c87 \u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a, \u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u5c40\u65b0\u4efb\u5c40\u957f\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u7d22\u9a6c\u7ef4\u4e9a\u5411\u5927\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u300b(DecentWork)\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u662f\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u65e8\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b,\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u7ed9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ee5\u201c\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u9762\u5b54\u201d, \u56e0\u6b64,\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7537\u5973\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5177\u5907\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b, \u83b7\u5f97\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u201d \u3002<sup>[17] <\/sup>1948\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c23\u6761\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u70b9,\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e09\u70b9\u5c31\u662f:\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5728\u804c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u4f53\u9762\u6536\u5165\u7684\u6743\u5229,\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4eab\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u6743\u5229, \u5982\u6709\u5fc5\u8981,\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u63aa\u65bd\u7ed9\u4e88\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u201c\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4eba\u683c\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8981\u6c42, \u4e5f\u662f\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5c0a\u91cd\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d,\u96c7\u5458\u51fa\u8ba9\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b, \u5e76\u672a\u51fa\u8ba9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u51fa\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25,\u6bcf\u4e2a\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u6743\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6252\u8863\u641c\u8eab\u3001\u5f3a\u8feb\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u4f53\u7f5a\u751a\u81f3\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e0b\u8dea, \u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5395\u6240\u88c5\u76d1\u89c6\u201c\u63a2\u5934\u201d\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u4e25\u91cd\u4fb5\u72af\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5185\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u5229,\u5f53\u7136\u4f24\u53ca\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25,\u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u5c65\u884c\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u793c\u8c8c\u5bf9\u5f85\u96c7\u5458\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c7\u5458\u5728\u804c\u573a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d7\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u9884\u9632\u63aa\u65bd,\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u8bad,\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u6709\u8fc7\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e,\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u5408\u7406\u63aa\u65bd\u8fdb\u884c\u8b66\u793a\u3001\u91c7\u53d6\u8865\u6551\u63aa\u65bd,\u9632\u6b62\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u52aa\u529b\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u5b89\u5b81\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883,\u4fdd\u969c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u5fc3\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c7\u5458\u4e2a\u4eba\u9690\u79c1\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u96c7\u5458\u4e0e\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8eab\u4efd\u5173\u7cfb,\u4f7f\u5f97\u96c7\u4e3b\u638c\u63e1\u77e5\u6653\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u60c5\u51b5,\u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9690\u79c1,\u5c0a\u91cd\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09) \u8d22\u4ea7\u4e4b\u4fdd\u62a4<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7,\u8fdb\u5165\u96c7\u4e3b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185,\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u4e88\u4fdd\u62a4,\u4f46\u4ee5\u96c7\u5458\u5e26\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e4b\u7269\u4e3a\u5fc5\u8981\u6216\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u76ca\u8005\u4e3a\u9650\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u8d22\u4ea7,\u96c7\u4e3b\u867d\u65e0\u62c5\u4fdd\u8d23\u4efb,\u4f46\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u4fdd\u62a4, \u4f8b\u5982,\u8863\u670d\u5b58\u653e\u573a\u6240\u3001\u505c\u8f66\u573a\u4e4b\u4f7f\u7528,\u4e0d\u53e6\u6210\u7acb\u5bc4\u6258\u5951\u7ea6,\u5747\u9644\u5c5e\u4e8e\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e4b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u5982\u6709\u8fdd\u53cd,\u5373\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[1](179)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db<\/strong><strong>\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fdd\u53cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00) \u5404\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u6cd5\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4f5c\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a,\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b618\u6761\u7b2c1\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a:\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5e94\u5bf9\u5176\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u52b3\u52a1\u800c\u5e94\u8d2d\u7f6e\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u5668\u68b0\u8fdb\u884c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4,\u5e76\u5bf9\u5e94\u5728\u5176\u6307\u793a\u6216\u5728\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u52b3\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5b89\u6392,\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e49\u52a1\u4eba\u5728\u52b3\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u5185\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5371\u9669\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u7b2c3 \u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a:\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u5728\u4e49\u52a1\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u65b9\u9762\u8d1f\u62c5\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u7684,\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u4e49\u52a1,\u51c6\u7528\u7b2c842\u6761\u81f3\u7b2c846\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<sup>[18]<\/sup>\u745e\u58eb\u503a\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u4e5f\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a,\u96c7\u65b9\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b58\u7eed\u4e2d\u5e94\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u4eba\u683c,\u9002\u5f53\u7167\u987e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u5065\u5eb7\u5e76\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u54c1\u5fb7\u4e4b\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u5f53\u5bf9\u7537\u5973\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5728\u804c\u573a\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u6027\u9a9a\u6270,\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u96c7\u65b9\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7;\u5176\u63aa\u65bd\u7cfb\u4f9d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u5fc5\u8981\u3001\u4f9d\u6280\u672f\u72b6\u51b5\u4e3a\u53ef\u884c\u3001\u4f9d\u8425\u4e1a\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u4e3a\u9002\u5f53,\u4e14\u659f\u914c\u4e2a\u522b\u4e4b\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u52a1\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u4f9d\u516c\u5e73\u4e4b\u539f\u5219\u5f97\u671f\u5f85\u96c7\u65b9\u4e3a\u4e4b\u8005(\u745e\u58eb\u503a\u6cd5\u7b2c328\u6761)\u3002<sup>[1](177)<\/sup>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u300a\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u4e5f\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a,\u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u63aa\u65bd,\u786e\u4fdd\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u4eba\u8eab\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\u800c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u8fd1\u5219\u91cd\u7533,\u6bcf\u4e00\u96c7\u5458\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u7740\u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u786e\u4fdd\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<sup>[19]<\/sup>\u6211\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u201c\u5de5\u5382\u6cd5\u201d\u7b2c9 \u6761\u3001\u201c\u77ff\u573a\u6cd5\u201d\u7b2c2 \u6761\u89c4\u5b9a,\u96c7\u4e3b\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u798f\u5229\u7b49\u6709\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ca\u4e0e\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u4f11\u517b\u4e4b\u4e49\u52a1, \u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6240\u7279\u522b\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u96c7\u65b9\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7279\u522b\u7ea6\u5b9a\u52a0\u4ee5\u6392\u9664\u3002<sup>[20]<\/sup>\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u4e3a\u670d\u52b3\u52a1,\u9664\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u4e4b\u6307\u6325\u76d1\u7763\u5916,\u5e76\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e4b\u573a\u5730\u4e0e\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a5\u89e6\u4f7f\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u4e00\u5b9a\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e0b,\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u5176\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3,\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5e94\u786e\u4fdd\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u4e4b\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u6b64\u5373\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u6240\u8d1f\u4e4b\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5176\u6545\u610f\u6216\u8fc7\u5931\u4e4b\u8fdd\u53cd\u6784\u6210\u79ef\u6781\u4fb5\u5bb3\u503a\u6743\u53ca\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u6211\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u201c\u6c11\u6cd5\u201d\u7b2c483\u6761\u4e4b\u4e00\u89c4\u5b9a:\u201c\u53d7\u96c7\u4eba\u670d\u52b3\u52a1,\u5176\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u6709\u5371\u5bb3\u4e4b\u865e\u8005, \u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5e94\u6309\u5176\u60c5\u5f62\u4e3a\u5fc5\u8981\u4e4b\u9884\u9632\u3002\u201d<sup>[3](146)<\/sup>\u82f1\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ed6\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8d23\u4efb,\u4e5f\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ed6\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d23\u4efb,\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc,\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u6765\u770b,\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fdd\u53cd\u5176\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8d23\u4efb,\u96c7\u5458\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc,\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u8d77\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002<sup>[16]<\/sup>\u300a\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c2548\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a: \u96c7\u4e3b\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u7279\u6b8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64,\u96c7\u4e3b\u5c24\u5176\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u822c\u505a\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u5176\u4f01\u4e1a\u5185\u5b89\u6392\u6709\u5173\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u7f6e\u5907\u6709\u5173\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002<sup>[ 21]<\/sup>\u6211\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684,\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u53ea\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u5065\u5168\u52b3\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u536b\u751f\u5236\u5ea6,\u4e25\u683c\u6267\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u536b\u751f\u89c4\u7a0b\u548c\u6807\u51c6, \u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u5168\u536b\u751f\u6559\u80b2,\u9632\u6b62\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u6545,\u51cf\u5c11\u804c\u4e1a\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u53ef\u89c1, \u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684,\u4e3b\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u4fb5\u6743\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49,\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5468\u5168\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u96c7\u5458\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u53ca\u635f\u5931,\u5f25\u8865\u5904\u4e8e\u5f31\u52bf\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u6211\u56fd\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u501f\u9274\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5,\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1,\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca,\u7ef4\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c) \u8fdd\u53cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u96c7\u5458\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3,\u6784\u6210\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u8d23\u4efb,\u8fd9\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u6240\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1,\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u635f\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4e49\u52a1,\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u56e0\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u96c7\u4e3b\u6240\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5ba2\u4f53\u662f\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u6743\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743, \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u503a\u6743\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u96c7\u5458\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u4f7f\u4fb5\u6743\u8bf7\u6c42\u6743\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u5206\u6563\u5de5\u4e1a\u98ce\u9669,\u5404\u56fd\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u5de5\u4f24\u4fdd\u9669\u5236\u5ea6,\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u96c7\u5458\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4f24\u5bb3\u53ca\u804c\u4e1a\u75c5\u4e00\u822c\u7531\u5de5\u4f24\u4fdd\u9669\u4e88\u4ee5\u8d54\u4ed8,\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916,\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fdd\u53cd\u5176\u4ed6\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684,\u5747\u5e94\u627f\u62c5\u4fb5\u6743\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\u91ca<\/strong><strong>&amp; <\/strong><strong>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><strong>\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2460 Smith v Baker(Charles)&amp;Sons(1891)A.C.325;65L.T.467.<\/p>\n<p>\u2461Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co.Ltd (1957) 2 Q. B.348;(1957)2 ALL E.R.2218.<\/p>\n<p>[1] \u9ec4\u8d8a\u94a6.\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u65b0\u8bba[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2003.37.<\/p>\n<p>[2] \u738b\u5168\u5174.\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e,1997.436- 437.<\/p>\n<p>[3] \u9ec4\u8302\u8363.\u503a\u6cd5\u5404\u8bba(\u7b2c1\u518c)[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2004.145.<\/p>\n<p>[4] [\u65e5] \u7a3b\u672c\u6d0b\u4e4b\u52a9,\u4e2d\u4e95\u7f8e\u96c4,\u4e0a\u4e95\u957f\u4e45,\u7b49.\u6c11\u6cd5\u8bb2\u4e49\u00b7\u5951\u7ea6[M].\u65e5\u672c: \u6709\u6590\u9601,\u662d\u548c53\u5e74.<\/p>\n<p>[5] [\u65e5]\u6211\u59bb\u8363.\u503a\u6cd5\u5404\u8bba(\u4e2d\u5377)(\u4e8c)[M].\u65e5\u672c: \u5ca9\u6ce2\u4e66\u5e97,1981. 585- .<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u738b\u76ca\u82f1.\u5916\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 2001. 34.<\/p>\n<p>[7] \u5c91\u632f\u7337.\u9999\u6e2f\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u7ea6\u6cd5[M].\u9999\u6e2f:\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8,1989. 34- 37.<\/p>\n<p>[8] \u53f2\u5c1a\u5bbd.\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u539f\u8bba[M].\u53f0\u6e7e:\u6b63\u5927\u5370\u4e66\u9986,1978.45.<\/p>\n<p>[9] \u5218\u58eb\u56fd.\u5b89\u5168\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba[J].\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76,1995,(5).<\/p>\n<p>[10] [\u7f8e] \u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8003\u7279,\u7b49.\u6cd5\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[M].\u5f20\u519b,\u7b49\u8bd1.\u4e0a\u6d77:\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97,1994.479.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Guido Calabresi. \u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u8d39\u7528[M].\u5c0f\u6797\u79c0\u4e4b,\u8bd1.\u4fe1\u5c71\u793e,1992.29.\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea:\u4e8e\u654f.\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5931\u76f8\u62b5[M].\u5317\u4eac: \u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2004.148.<\/p>\n<p>[12] \u4e8e\u654f.\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5931\u76f8\u62b5[M].\u5317\u4eac: \u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2004. 149- 150.<\/p>\n<p>[13] [\u5fb7] \u51af\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14.\u6b27\u6d32\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u6cd5(\u4e0b\u518c)[M].\u7126\u7f8e\u534e,\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2001.267.<\/p>\n<p>[14] \u5218\u4fca\u6d77.\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e,1999.6- 7.<\/p>\n<p>[15] \u5f20\u65b0\u5b9d,\u5510\u9752\u6797.\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u573a\u6240\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u4e49\u52a1[J].\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76, 2003,(3).<\/p>\n<p>[16] \u5f90\u7231\u56fd.\u82f1\u7f8e\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b66[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2004.263- 264.<\/p>\n<p>[17] \u4f58\u4e91\u971e,\u5085\u9e9f.\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u52b3\u52a8[J].\u5de5\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5,2002,(4).<\/p>\n<p>[18] \u675c\u666f\u6797,\u5362\u8c0c.\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e,1999.<\/p>\n<p>[19] \u738b\u5229\u660e,\u90ed\u660e\u745e,\u6f58\u7ef4\u5927.\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2004.654.<\/p>\n<p>[20] \u53f2\u5c1a\u5bbd.\u503a\u6cd5\u5404\u8bba[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e,2000. 305.<\/p>\n<p>[21] \u5f90\u56fd\u680b.\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178[M].\u859b\u519b,\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e,\u91d1\u6865\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248(\u9999\u6e2f)\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8,2002.468- 469.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bba\u575b\u300b 2006 \u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u7b2c21\u5377\u7b2c3\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6458\u8981:\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7167\u987e\u4e49\u52a1\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6, \u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6, \u672c\u6587\u5728\u68b3\u7406\u5176\u5404\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12137,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-374","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-wiki"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=374"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/374\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12135"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}