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\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6027\u8d28\u4e4b\u4e89<\/p>\n

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\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u6210\u957f\u4e4b\u6cd5\u57df\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e24\u5927\u6cd5\u7cfb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5982\u5fb7 \u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u662f\u6307\u4e3a\u516c\u6cd5\u4e0e\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\u4e4b\u7b2c\u4e09\u6cd5\u57df\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e4b\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u662f\u6307\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u6cd5\u3001\u533b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u7b49\uff0c\u72ed\u4e49\u4e4b\u793e \u4f1a\u6cd5\u4e43\u6307\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u57df\u4e4b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u6cd5\uff0c\u6982\u6307\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u6709\u5173\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4ed8\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u52b3\u52a8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4fc3\u8fdb\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u5e74\u91d1\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u4f24\u5bb3\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u6218\u4e89\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u8865 \u507f\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u8865\u507f\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u8865\u8d34\u3001\u5b50\u5973\u6d25\u8d34\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6276\u52a9\u7b49\u3002[12]<\/p>\n

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\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\uff08Social Security Act\uff09\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u662f\u5e76\u9a7e\u9f50\u9a71\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5927\u9646\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6db5\u76d6\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u7edf\u6444 \u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e4b\u8bf4\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u82e5\u8bf4\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u65e5\u8bf8\u56fd\uff0c\u5012\u4e5f\u6b63\u786e\uff1b\u82e5\u653e\u5728\u82f1\u3001\u7f8e\u7b49\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u4e0d\u592a\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u65e2\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e4b\u79c1\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e4b\u516c\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ecb\u4e8e\u516c\u6cd5\u4e0e\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u4ea4\u96c6\u4e4b\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u3000\u4e09\u3001\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e4b\u754c\u5b9a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u201c\u57df\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6cd5\u57df\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9886\u57df\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u6309\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u529b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ea\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6548\u529b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002[20]\u800c \u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u751f\u6548\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6548\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\u6240\u53ca\u7684\u65f6\u9650\u3001\u754c\u9650\u6216\u9886\u57df\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6548\u529b\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u529b\u3001\u5bf9\u4eba\u6548 \u529b\u3002\u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u529b\u6216\u5c5e\u5730\u6548\u529b\u5373\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6709\u6548\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u529b\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u57df\u5185\u6548\u529b\u548c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u9881 \u5e03\u8005\u6743\u529b\u6240\u53ca\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6216\u5883\u5185\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u662f\u6307\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6548\u529b\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u5176 \u201c\u57df\u201d\u5916\u5177\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u201c\u57df\u201d\u5728\u201c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u201d\u4e4b\u754c\u5b9a\u4e2d\u81f3\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u3002[21]<\/p>\n

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\u57df\u5185\u6548\u529b\u4e0e\u57df\u5916 \u6548\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u57df\u201d\u7a76\u7adf\u8be5\u53c2\u7167\u201c\u6cd5\u57df\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u9886\u57df\u201d?\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6548\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u65f6\u4ee5\u9886\u57df\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5185\u6548\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728 \u8be5\u56fd\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u9886\u57df\u5916\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3002[26]\u6cd5\u5f8b\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2dextraterritorial\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u5730\u7406\u754c\u9650\u4e4b \u5916\u3002[27]\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6cd5\u57df\u4e0e\u9886\u57df\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7b49\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u9886\u57df\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6cd5\u57df\u5c0f\u4e8e\u9886\u57df\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u65e0\u5f62\u4e2d\u6269\u5927\u5404\u6cd5\u57df\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6548\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u7b26\uff0c\u56e0 \u6b64\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u57df\u201d\u53c2\u7167\u6cd5\u57df\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u4e9b\u3002[28]\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8fd1\u4e9b\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u6cd5\u57df\u6765\u754c\u5b9a\u201c\u57df\u201d\u3002\u57df\u5185\u6548\u529b\u662f\u6307\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728 \u672c\u6cd5\u57df\u5185\u6709\u6548\u529b\u3002[29]<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u57df\u5185\u6548\u529b\u3001\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e0e\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u3001\u57df\u5916\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743<\/p>\n

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\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u62d8\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u8bed\u4e24\u7528\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e3a\u540c\u4e49\u4e92\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6307\u672c\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662 \u9488\u5bf9\u57df\u5916\u4e4b\u4eba\u3001\u7269\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u9002\u7528\u672c\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u62d8\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6307\u672c\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u57df\u5916\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u6216\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u5f97\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u6216\u6267\u884c\u83b7\u5f97\u62d8\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66 \u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u56fd\u5916\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u754c\u5b9a\u90fd\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u81f4\u548c\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5229\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u6885\u5c14\uff08Lea Brilmayer\uff09\u4e0e\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8bfa\u5947\uff08Charles Norchi\uff09\u57281992\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u7f72\u540d\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8c08\u53ca\uff0c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\uff08\u6216\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e76\u65e0\u56fa\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d89\u5916 \u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u975e\u6d89\u5185\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u6b63\u5728\u9002\u7528\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3a\u201c\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5e94\u8bc9\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6307\u672c\u56fd\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u5e94\u8bc9\uff1f[31]\u7f8e \u56fd\u7b2c9\u5de1\u56de\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u7eb3\u5c14\u900a\uff08Nelson\uff09\u6cd5\u5b98\u66fe\u5728\u5ba1\u7406\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u677e\u6563\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848 \u4ef6\u80fd\u5426\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u2018\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u2019\u6848\u4ef6\u8fdc\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u201d\u3002[32]<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5965\u65af\u6c40\u00b7\u5e15\u91cc \u4ec0\uff08Austen L. Parrish\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u9488\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u672c\u56fd\u5883\u5916\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u9002\u7528\u672c\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u6307\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u8868\u73b0\u57281987\u5e74 \u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u91cd\u8ff0\uff09\u300b\u7684\u7b2c402\u8282\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0a\u3002[33]\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u4eba\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u5df4\u5c14\u624e\u8bfa\uff08Frank Balzano\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u6d89\u53ca\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[34]\u4e54\u7eb3\u68ee\u00b7\u7279\u5229 \uff08Jonathan Turley\uff09\u4ea6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u201d\u6307\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u8de8\u8d8a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5883\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u7ba1\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u571f\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6c34\u57df\u53d1\u751f\u7684 \u884c\u4e3a\u3002[35]\u7f8e\u56fd\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5de1\u56de\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u66fe\u5728\u5ba1\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u6cd5\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5883\u5916\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u65bd\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b64\u7c7b\u53d7\u7ba1\u5236\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u8981 \u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u6b64\u7c7b\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ba1\u5236\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u5373\u53ef\u3002[36]\u6cd5\u9662\u6b64\u65f6\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u5e76\u975e\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0 \u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u9662\u5c06\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9002\u7528\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u57df\u5185\u9002\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u662f\u6307\u672c\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u9488\u5bf9\u57df\u5916\u4e4b\u4eba\u3001\u7269\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u9002\u7528\u672c\u56fd \u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7b2c9\u7248\uff09\u5728\u8bba\u53ca\u57df\u5916\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u65f6\u4ea6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6b64\u7c7b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c \u5168\u5728\u4e0b\u8ff0\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u6216\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u56fd\u5916\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fa9\u79f0\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6216\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8bbe\u6cd5\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62 \u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6216\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6216\u63a8\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u9886\u57df\u5916\u9002 \u7528\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u8fd9\u6837\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u516c\u8ba4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u201d[37]<\/p>\n

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\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u662f \u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e49\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0a\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u300a\u5143\u7167\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u5c06\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\uff1a\u2460\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff1b\uff08\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff1b\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff1b\u2461\uff08\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7684\uff09\u7ba1 \u8f96\u6743\uff1b\u2462\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u3002[50]\u300a\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u5c06\u5176\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\uff1a\u2460\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5176\u9886\u571f\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u548c\u7269\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u2461\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u6216\u53d1\u5e03\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743 \u529b\uff1b\u2462\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5a01\u884c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\uff08\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\uff09\uff1b\u2463\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5a01\u884c\u4f7f\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8303\u56f4\uff08\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\uff09\u3002[51]\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4e24\u90e8\u8bcd\u5178\u5bf9\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u672c\u76f8 \u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u636e\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u6216\u67d0\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u5e94\u7531\u54ea\u4e2a\u6216\u54ea\u7c7b\u6cd5\u9662\u53d7\u7406\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u56fd\u53d7\u7406 \u67d0\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u6d89\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6d89\u5916\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u95ee\u9898\u5982\u679c\u5f97\u5230\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u4ef6\u5e94\u7531\u7ba1\u8f96\u56fd\u4f55\u5730\u3001\u4f55\u7c7b\u53ca\u4f55\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u53d7\u7406\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u4e00\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6309\u7167 \u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u8be5\u56fd\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u6848\u4ef6\u6216\u67d0\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u6765\uff0c \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u7ba1\u8f96\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u3002[52]<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0a\u901a\u5e38\u63f4\u7528\u201c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u5bf9\u5176\u5883\u5185\u4e4b\u4eba\u6216\u8d22\u4ea7\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u7ba1 \u7406\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ea6\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u6216\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6216\u60c5\u5f62\u3002[53]\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u754c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c06\u6b64\u79cd\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u4e4b\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743 \uff08jurisdiction to prescribe or prescriptivejurisdiction\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u6743\u529b\u6216\u6743\u80fd\uff1b\u6267\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743 \uff08jurisdiction to enforce\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7b49\u6267\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u6743\u529b\u6216\u6743\u80fd\uff1b\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff08jurisdiction to adjudicate\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u4f9d\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea0\u7eb7\u800c\u5bf9\u67d0\u4eba\u6216\u8d22\u4ea7\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u6216\u6743\u5a01\u4e4b\u6743\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6574\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728 \u91cd\u8981\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u53ef\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u8bf8\u5982\u5f53\u6b64\u7b49\u57df\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u9020\u6210\u8db3\u591f\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\uff09\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u800c\u65e0\u987b\u5f81\u5f97\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e4b\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u56fd\u82e5\u4e0d \u5f81\u5f97\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e4b\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4ed6\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u884c\u4f7f\u6267\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002[54]<\/p>\n

\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u91cd\u8ff0\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\uff09\u300b\u4e5f\u6709\u6b64\u201c\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u63a8\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728 \u5176\u5883\u5185\u884c\u4f7f\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u975e\u6beb\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u627f\u8ba4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u672c\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8fc7\u5931\u4e0d\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002[55]\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b \u4e00\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5883\u4e4b\u5916\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\uff1a\u672c\u56fd\u9886\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\uff1b\u60ac\u6302\u672c\u56fd\u56fd\u65d7\u7684\u8239\u8236\u548c\u98de\u673a\uff1b\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u672c\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\uff1b\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u76f4\u63a5\u4f24\u5bb3\u672c\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u4e4b \u4eba\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u5916\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u4e14\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f24\u5bb3\u672c\u56fd\u91cd\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5982\u6d77\u76d7\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u6784\u6210\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7ba1\u8f96\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002[56]\u5bf9\u4e8e \u6b64\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u627f\u8ba4\u4e00\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u5728\u5176\u57df\u5916\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3001\u6267\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5176\u57df\u5916\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5426\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u5e76\u672a\u89c4\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u60c5\u5f62 \u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5176\u57df\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6e90\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u62e5\u6709\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u987b\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa \u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u5212\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u5212\u5206\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002\u5982\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u4e07\u7279 \uff08Basdevant\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u6709\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5206\u914d\u884c\u4f7f\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u7279\u91cc\u666e\uff08Tripel\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u5212\u5206\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176 \u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u201d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u51ef\u5c14\u68ee\uff08Kelsen\uff09\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e00\u53f8\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4\u201d\u3002[57]\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bba\u8ff0\u7686\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5212\u5206\u7684\u51b3 \u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u662f\u6307\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u57df\u5916\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u970d\u5c14\u59c6\u65af\uff08Holmes\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6743\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002[58]\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5176\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u6307\u5176\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u57df\u5916\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u56db\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6f14\u8fdb\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u89e3\u8bfb<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e4b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f7f\u5f97\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u547c\u5401\u52a0\u5f3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0cILO\u56e0\u52bf\u800c\u63a8\u51fa\u516b\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u516c\u7ea6\uff0c [70]\u5176\u6240\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u52b3\u5de5\u6807\u51c6\u5f00\u59cb\u83b7\u5f97\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u201c\u8840\u6c57\u5de5\u5382\u201d\u3001\u662f\u5426\u626d\u66f2\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u56e0\u7d20 \u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u76df\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5982NAALC\uff08the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation\uff09[71]\u3001TPP\uff08Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement\uff09[72]\u7b49\uff0c\u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e8e\u53cc\u8fb9\u6216\u533a\u57df\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5df2\u52bf\u4e0d\u53ef\u6321\uff0c[73]\u540e\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u4ee3\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u591a\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6216\u8d38\u6613\u5236 \u88c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u6807\u51c6\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6c34\u51c6\uff0c\u4e1a\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5176\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5e73\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u6211\u56fd\u5229\u7528 \u5ec9\u4ef7\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u62d3\u5c55\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c[74]\u800c\u52b3\u5de5\u6743\u76ca\u672a\u83b7\u5145\u5206\u4fdd\u969c\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u6279\u8bc4\u5e76\u62b5\u5236\u6211\u56fd\u4ea7\u54c1\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u906d\u9047\u7684\u53cd\u503e\u9500\u3001\u53cd\u8865\u8d34\u7b49\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u6b64\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c \u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u57fa\u51c6\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u5185\u52a1\uff0c\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5176\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[75]<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e4b\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u9053\u4e49\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u5021\u5bfc<\/p>\n

\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u6784\u6210\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u96c7\u4f63\u53cc\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u7ade\u4e89\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a \u6548\u7387\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0e\u96c7\u5458\u95f4\u6216\u96c7\u5458\u96c6\u56e2\u95f4\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u98ce\u9669\u4e4b\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u963b\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u540c \u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9053\u4e49\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u7ef4\u62a4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u4fe1\u5b88\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e0d\u662f\u5546\u54c1\u201d\uff08labor is not a commodity or article of commerce\uff09[79]\u4e4b\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c0b\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u56e0\u800c\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u4f53\u8d28\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5168\u90fd\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c \u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u3001\u52a0\u4eba\u5de5\u4f1a\u548c\u548c\u5e73\u96c6\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u9690\u79c1\u6743\u548c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u3002[80]<\/p>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u8574\u542b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u8be0\u91ca\u5bcc\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u4e43\u81f3\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u2014\u6548\u7387\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52b3\u52a8 \u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u660e\u793a\u6216\u9ed8\u793a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5176\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u57fa\u7840\u3002[88]\u6b63\u5982\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u4e91\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u9053\u4e49\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u3001\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e \u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u5c06\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u6027\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002[89]\u524d\u8ff0ILO\u7684\u516b\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u516c\u7ea6\u548c\u300a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\uff09[90]\u3001\u4e24\u5927\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08the International Covenant on Economic\uff0c Social and Cultural Rights\uff0c ICESCR\uff09[91]\u4e0e\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\uff0c ICCPR\uff09[92]\u3001\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08the European Convention on Human Rights\uff09[93]\u3001\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff08the European Social Charter\uff0c ESC\uff09\uff08\u5176\u7b2c1\u30014\u30015\u30016\u300120\u300121\u300122\u300124\u300126\u300127\u300128\u3001 29\u6761\u7b49\u5747\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\uff09\u3001\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff08the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights\uff09\uff08\u5176\u7b2c23\u3001 27\u3001 30\u3001 31\u3001 33\u6761\u7b49\u5747\u6d89\u53ca\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e2d\u76f8\u5173\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u9662\uff08the European Court of Human Rights\uff0c l\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0ECtHR\uff09\u6765\u8df5\u884c\u76f8\u5173\u516c\u7ea6\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\u6b63 \u786e\uff0c\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6b27\u76dfGSP\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u5355\u8fb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6548\u679c\u4e0a\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6027\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97WTO\u4e89\u7aef\u89e3\u51b3\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c[106] \u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u4e0e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u88c1\u51b3\u4e4b\u540e\u679c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u5728GSP\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u9644\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u57282006\u5e74\u6b27\u76df\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u4e3a\u671f\u5341\u5e74\u7684GSP \u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u539f\u6765\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53c8\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5176\u5c06\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u6587\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3abasic human and labor rights\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7533\u8bf7GSP +\uff08\u65b0\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u6fc0\u52b1\u5b89\u6392\uff09\u4e09\u5927\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u51c6\uff08\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u3001\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u826f\u597d\u6cbb\u7406\u539f\u5219\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c[107]\u6211\u4eec\u59d1\u4e14\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u65b0\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u9664\u4e86\u8981 \u6c42\u7533\u8bf7\u83b7\u5f97\u6b27\u76dfGSP+\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u5f53\u201c\u6279\u51c6\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u6267\u884c\u201d\u539f\u6765\u7684\u524d\u5df2\u8ff0\u53ca\u7684\u516b\u4e2aILO\u516c\u7ea6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u8981\u6c42\u516b\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\uff08\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c \u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u51cf\u5c11\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6d88\u9664\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7981\u6b62\u9177\u5211\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u513f\u7ae5\u6743\u5229\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u706d\u79cd\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u7981\u6b62\u79cd \u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u501f\u52a9\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982ILO\u4e0eUN\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u6743\u673a\u6784\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u6267\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u52a0\u5f3a\u5ba1\u6838\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u8be5\u6848\u88c1\u51b3\u4e4b\u540e\u7ed9\u6b27\u76df\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684GSP\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d \u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u662f\uff1a\u5c06\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u5f15\u4eba\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff1b\u5c06\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u76f8\u6346\u7ed1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\uff1b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u501f\u52a9\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u52a0\u5f3a \u5bf9\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u4ef6\u6267\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5ba1\u6838\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u6848\u4e1a\u5df2\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e8e2015\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u65b0\u578b\u5e1d\u56fd\u7406\u5ff5\u4e4b\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e0e\u8868\u73b0<\/p>\n

\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e4b\u6f14\u8fdb\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5176\u529b\u91cf\u6e90\u6cc9\u5f80\u5f80\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u56fd\u5f3a\u5927\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u4e0e\u5f3a\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u5f3a\u5927\u7684 \u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9650\u4e8e\u5176\u56fd\u571f\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u603b\u4f1a\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u8f90\u5c04\u5230\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u9738\u6743\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u5176\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u9738\u6743\uff08\u6216\u8005\u7f8e\u5176\u540d\u66f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u6743\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5bf9\u5e1d\u56fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5374\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u76db\u6781\u4e00\u4e16\u65f6\u66fe\u53f7\u79f0\u201c\u65e5\u4e0d\u843d\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u7740\u91cd\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u7684 \u5927\u91cf\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u96be\u5ea6\u5927\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8feb\u4e8e\u5386 \u53f2\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u7248\u56fe\u5927\u5927\u7f29\u6c34\uff0c\u9000\u5c45\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u867d\u7136 \u5176\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65e9\u5e74\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u201d\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5c31\u575a\u51b3\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u4f20\u7edf\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684 \u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u5728\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u800c\u5411\u5916\u6295\u5c04\u672c\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u57df\u5916\u6295\u5c04\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u8fbe\u81f4\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd \u65b0\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u6027\uff08\u6216\u8005\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a[111]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u9996\u5148\u8868\u73b0 \u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e1c\u9053\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u53cc\u8fb9\u201c\u9a7b\u519b\u5730\u4f4d\u534f\u8bae\uff08Status of Forces Agreements\uff0cSOFAs\uff09\u201d\u7ed9\u4e88\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u4ee5\u7279\u522b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5176\u514d\u53d7\u9a7b\u5728\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u4e4b\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u7c7bSOFAs\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u5927\u91cf\u90e8 \u7f72\u548c\u8c03\u52a8\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u9a7b\u519b\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u517c\u5e76\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u57fa\u5730\u6218\u7565\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u9a7b\u519b\u548c\u57fa\u5730\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5730\u533a\u4fdd\u6301\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684 \u519b\u4e8b\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u505a\u5230\u5411\u5168\u7403\u6295\u5c04\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5f62\u6210\u5305\u56f4\u5e76\u904f\u5236\u5176\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c64\u56e0\u6bd4\u66fe\u4ee5\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u9644\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u670d\u548c\u541e\u5e76\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u548c\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u5f53\u524d\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u524d\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6210\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5f88\u6709 \u542f\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u5f31\u5c0f\u90bb\u56fd\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5176\u5375\u7ffc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d7\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5f3a\u90bb\u6216\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u90bb\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u662f \u6761\u7ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u539f\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u9886\u571f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u81f3\u591a\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u8ba9\u51fa\u4e00\u5c0f\u5757\u5730\u65b9\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u57ce\u5821\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f57\u9a6c\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u56fd\u7684 \u5171\u540c\u5b89\u5168\u3002[112]<\/p>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7f8e \u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u673a\u6784\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u89c4\u5219\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u591a\u8fb9\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8c03\u548c\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u4e4b\u653f\u7b56\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u9886\u5bfc\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784 \u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u7a0e\u8d38\u6613\u603b\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\uff08the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade\uff0cGATT\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08World Trade Organization\uff0c WTO\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08the International Monetary Fund\uff0c IMF\uff09\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\uff08the World Bank\uff09\u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\uff08the United Nations\uff09\u3001\u5317\u7ea6\uff08the North Atlantic Treaty Organization\uff0c NATO\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u673a\u6784\u6db5\u76d6\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u201d\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002[116]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u6240\u521b\u8bbe \u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u65e8\u5728\u63a8\u884c\u5f00\u653e\u800c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u6700\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u9650\u5b9a\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u663e\u6027\u5c55\u793a\u800c\u63d0\u5347\u5176\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5f31\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u5e1d \u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4ef7\u503c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u81ea1648\u5e74\u300a\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff081648 Treaty of Westphalia\uff09\u8d77\u6240\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u8981\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e4b\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c[122]\u4ea6\u4e3a\u5916\u4ea4\u50f5 \u5c40\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u5bf9\u6297\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e89\u8bae\u57cb\u4e0b\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u8054\u5408\u56fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e8\u5728\u5de9\u56fa\u800c\u975e\u524a\u5f31\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c[123]\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5176\u56fd\u5185 \u4e8b\u52a1\u4e4b\u5904\u7406\u5177\u6709\u6392\u4ed6\u4e4b\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5916\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u5f80\u5f80\u540c\u65f6\u5e76\u63d0\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u4e8c\u8005\u7528\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u610f\u4e49\u3002[124]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb \u884c\u4e3a\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u9996\u8981\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u7740\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7a81\u98de\u731b\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u65e5 \u76ca\u4fbf\u6377\u4f7f\u5f97\u5168\u7403\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u5927\u5e45\u7f29\u77ed\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6108\u6765\u6108\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u591a\u56fd\u751f\u4ea7\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u539f\u4ea7\u56fd\u201d\uff08national origin\uff09\u610f\u4e49\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u79c1\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u754c\u9650\u65e5\u76ca\u6a21\u7cca\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u5404\u56fd\u95f4\u65e5\u76ca\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u8d56\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u8d38 \u6613\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u9762\u4e34\u8bf8\u591a\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u8c03\u6574\uff1b\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6240\u8d56\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u53d1\u751f\u6df1\u523b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6063\u610f\u884c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u800c\u65e0\u89c6\u5bf9\u5176\u672c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5a01\u65af \u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u5f0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u653f\u8981\uff09\u5bf9\u5176\u5f00\u59cb\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u6216\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\uff08sovereign- modern\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002[125]<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3e\u522b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u5f0f \u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u7136\u706d\u4ea1\u3002[126]\u66fe\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u7684\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u54c8\u65af\uff08Richard N. Haass\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e3b\u6743\u6709\u56db\u5927\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5185\u4eab\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u884c\u4f7f\u5f3a\u5236\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fc7\u5f80\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\uff1b \u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5236\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e4b\u72ec\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u514d\u53d7\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\u90e8\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u56db\u5927\u8981\u7d20\u867d\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u7ef4\u6301\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u4e4b\u57fa \u7840\u3002\u5bf9\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u5927\u8981\u7d20\u2014\u56fd\u5185\u6743\u529b\u3001\u8fb9\u5883\u7ba1\u63a7\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6d89\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\u3002[127]<\/p>\n

\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u65af\u8482 \u82ac\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u65af\u7eb3\uff08Stephen Krasner\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5c06\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u865a\u4f2a\u201d\uff08organized hypocrisy\uff09\u3002\u5176\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u81f3\u5c11\u5305\u62ec\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u6307\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u4e3a\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u800c\u5c06\u56fd\u5185\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u76f8 \u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u6307\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u7ba1\u63a7\u8de8\u5883\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u6307\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8ba4\uff1b\u56db\u662f\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u5f0f\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u6307\u6392\u9664\u5916\u90e8\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u6743\u529b\u4e4b \u5b89\u6392\u3002[128]\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u8c22\u9ed8\u65af\uff08Henry Schermers\uff09\u6559\u6388\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8fd1\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u56fd \u5bb6\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f4e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u636e\u4e3b\u6743\u800c\u62d2\u7edd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u4f9d\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u5e94\u6709\u6240\u514b\u51cf\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e3b\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u5f7b\u5e95\u4e0d\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743 \u5b9e\u884c\u63a5\u7ba1\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u73b0\u5b58\u8bf8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5bf9\u4e3b\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9e\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u9886\u571f\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002[129]<\/p>\n

1992\u5e74\u65f6\u4efb\u8054 \u5408\u56fd\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\u5e03\u7279\u7f57\u65af\u00b7\u52a0\u5229\uff08Boutros-Ghali\uff09\u5728\u5411\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5c0a\u91cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8fdb\u6b65\u90fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd \u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u518d\u4e0e\u5f53\u4eca\u73b0\u5b9e\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\u201d[130]\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u7d22\u9a6c\u91cc\u3001\u5362\u65fa\u8fbe\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u7d22 \u6c83\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5e72\u9884\u4e0d\u529b\u7684\u7cdf\u7cd5\u8868\u73b0\u9887\u53d7\u8bdf\u75c5\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\u79d1\u83f2\u00b7\u5b89\u5357\uff08Kofi Annan\uff09\u57281999\u5e74\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u540c\u6837\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7126\u8e81\u4e4b\u60c5\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4e00\u65e6\u9762\u4e34\u6781\u7aef\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5982\u679c \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u505a\u51fa\u79ef\u6781\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u65b0\u627f\u8bfa\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6c11\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5219\u5176\u5fc5\u987b\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u4eba\u9053\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u8981\u5168\u7403\u53c2\u4e0e\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5211 \u4e8b\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u8fb9\u5883\u7ebf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e4b\u6297\u8fa9\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5176\u77e5\u9053\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\u5c06\u5bf9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u4e4b\u7f6a\u884c\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5219\u5176\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u671b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u8c41\u514d\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u826f\u77e5\u2014\u4e00\u79cd \u618e\u6068\u6b8b\u66b4\u3001\u5f03\u7edd\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u8c0b\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u826f\u77e5\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u5927\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u8fd8\u80fd\u4ece\u522b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5bfb\u6c42\u548c\u5e73\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\u5417\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u7684 \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u6b64\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u5c06\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u62db\u81f4\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u6000\u7591\u751a\u81f3\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[131]<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6559\u6388\u8def \u6613\u65af\u00b7\u4ea8\u91d1\uff08Louis Henkin\uff09\u66fe\u5353\u6709\u8fdc\u89c6\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u53ef\u5c06\u4e3b\u6743\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u65e9\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u9057\u7269\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65e7\u4e66\u67b6\u4e0a\u3002\u201d[132]\u65e9\u57281927\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u5e38\u8bbe\u6cd5 \u9662\u53d7\u7406\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bc9\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u201c\u8377\u82b1\u53f7\u201d\u6848\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8fdc\u975e\u7981\u6b62\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u5176\u9886\u571f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u65b9\u9762\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7ed9\u4e88\u56fd\u5bb6 \u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u88c1\u91cf\u6743\u4ec5\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u91c7\u7528\u5176\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u597d\u548c\u6700\u5408\u9002\u4e4b\u539f\u5219\u3002[133]\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u91cd\u8ff0\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09 \u6b21\uff09\u300b\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u5883\u5185\u4eba\u6216\u7269\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5176\u5883\u5185\u6216\u5bf9\u65e0\u8bba\u8eab\u5904\u4f55\u56fd\u4e4b\u672c\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5883\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[134]\u51b5\u4e14\u6b27\u7f8e\u6cd5\u9662\u5c06\u5176\u516c\u6cd5 \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u57df\u5916\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u4ea6\u975e\u9c9c\u89c1\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002[135]\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u4e00\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4ed6\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u6267\u884c\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c[136]\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u6743\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u65e5\u76ca\u6de1\u5316\uff0c \u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e4b\u8fd0\u884c\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5305 \u62ec\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5728\u5185\u7684\u516c\u6cd5\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u65e9\u5e74\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e0a\u9488\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u5fcc\u201d\uff08public lawtaboo\uff09\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ea6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9002\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u6765\u88c1\u51b3\u6848\u4ef6\u6216\u6267\u884c\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u9002\u7528\u6b64\u7c7b\u516c\u6cd5\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u4e0d\u53ef\u9002 \u7528\u3001\u4e0d\u4e88\u6267\u884c\u5373\u6784\u6210\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u5fcc\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u7531\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u6d1b\u6e29\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Andreas F. Lowenfeld\uff09\u9996\u521b\uff0c[137]\u968f\u540e\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u5fcc\u539f\u5219\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u4e0d\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u4e0e\u4e0d\u4e88\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6307\u7981\u6b62\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u516c \u6cd5\u5f97\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u4ec5\u6307\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u3002[138]<\/p>\n

\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u5fcc\u539f\u5219\u5728\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u8087\u59cb\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u5916\u56fd\u5211\u6cd5 \u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c1825\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08Marshall\uff09\u5728The Antelope\u6848\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e4b\u5211\u6cd5\u2026\u2026\u201d[139]\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u8bed\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u7f8e\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5f15\u8ff0\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u6267\u884c\u5916\u56fd\u8d22\uff08\u5173\uff09\u7a0e\u6cd5 \u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u52cb\u7235\uff08Lord Mansfield\uff09\u5728Holman\u6848[140]\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u968f\u540e\u4ece\u5211\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8d22\u7a0e\u6cd5\u6269\u5927\u81f3\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6cd5\u201d\u662f\u5c06\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684 \u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u6cd5\u3001\u4ea7\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u6cd5\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u3001\u5916\u6c47\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u3001\u5916\u8d38 \u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u3001\u4ef7\u683c\u6cd5\u3001\u8bc1\u5238\u6cd5\u3001\u7a0e\u6cd5\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u6cd5\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u6cd5\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7c7b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u539f\u5219\u672c\u662f\u7528\u4ee5\u9632\u8303\u516c\u5171\u89c4\u8303\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u5343\u6d89\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u57fa \u7840\u540c\u516c\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e8c\u5143\u5212\u5206\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u672c\u5730\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u5728The Antelope\u6848\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u7275\u6d89\u5211\u4e8b\u5236\u88c1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5f52\u8fd8\u7ed9\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u5e94\u8be5\u6267\u884c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8461\u8404 \u7259\u653f\u5e9c\u7981\u6b62\u8d29\u5356\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u62d2\u7edd\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fa9\u89e3\u4e4b\u65f6\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7ecf\u5178\u8bdd\u8bed\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u8005\u672c\u6765\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u6267\u884c\u8fdd\u53cd\u5916\u56fd\u5173\u7a0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5408\u540c\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u867d \u7136\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u8868\u8fbe\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5374\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7981\u6b62\u9002\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u7a0e\u6cd5\u548c\u7981\u6b62\u6267\u884c\u9002\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u7a0e\u6cd5\u4e4b\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u5408\u540c\u4e00\u65e6\u8fdd\u53cd\u5916\u56fd\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u5e38\u88ab\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u65e0\u6548\u5408 \u540c\uff0c\u5176\u6cd5\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u6df1\u523b\u53d8\u5316\u2014\u4ece\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\u5230\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5192\u72af\u5916\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd0\u4f5c\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4e24\u5927\u539f\u5219\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u70b9\uff1a\u64cd\u4f5c\u96be \u5ea6\u5927\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5229\u76ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u62c5\u5fc3\u5192\u72af\u5916\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u4e3b\u6743\u3002[141]<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82e5\u653e\u5f03\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u539f\u5219\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u4ea4\u6613\u653e\u677e\u89c4\u5236\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u516c\u4f17 \u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u590d\u5174\u201c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u5fcc\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0c[142]\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u516c\u79c1\u6cd5\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u4ea4\u878d\u4e0e\u6e17\u900f\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u516c\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u539f\u5219 \u7684\u7acb\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u9010\u6e10\u906d\u5230\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c[143]20\u4e16\u7eaa20~30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u5c06\u79c1 \u6cd5\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u516c\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u201c\u628a\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bfc\u5411\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5e76\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u201d\uff0c[144]\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f20\u7edf\u79c1\u6cd5\u516c\u6cd5\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u52a0\u8457\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u5784\u65ad \u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u6cd5\u3001\u5916\u6c47\u7ba1\u5236\u6cd5\u3001\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6df7\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6027\u8d28\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u7acb\u6cd5\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u89c4\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6cd5 \u5f8b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u8651\u660e\u663e\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u516c\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u5927\u4e8e\u79c1\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6df7\u5408\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u518d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u77eb\u6b63\uff0c\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9 \u793e\u4f1a\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5bf9\u201c\u5b9e\u8d28\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f31\u8005[145]\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u6d89\u5916\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4e2d\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u6709 \u7740\u66f4\u52a0\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u6f6e\u6d41\u7684\u987a\u5e94\u3002[146]<\/p>\n

\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u5f80\u5f80\u8de8\u8d8a\u73b0\u5b9e\u56fd\u754c\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5404\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b \u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u516c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8fdb\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u6700\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u662f\u4f7f\u516c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u51b2\u7a81\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002[147]\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6b64\u7c7b\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c \u59821995\u5e74\u548c1996\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e24\u8d77\u6848\u4f8b\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5211\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u3002[148]\u800c\u4e3a\u4e86\u65bd\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u8de8\u5883\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u66f4\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\u3002 [149]\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u5df2\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u7acb\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u5c42\u9762\u8f83\u65e9\u6b63\u5f0f\u800c\u5168\u9762\u627f\u8ba4\u5916 \u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5f53\u65701975\u5e74\u300a\u5a01\u65af\u5df4\u767b\u51b3\u8bae\u300b\uff08The Wiesbaden Resolution\uff09\uff0c[150]\u8be5\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u534f\u4f1a\u805a\u4f1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5a01\u65af\u5df4\u767b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u8be5\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u89c2\u70b9 \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5439\u54cd\u4e86\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u53f7\u89d2\u30021980\u5e74\u300a\u5408\u540c\u4e4b\u503a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08Convention on the Law Applicableto Contractual Obligations\uff0c Rome 1980\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\u5176\u7b2c7\u6761\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u7684\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u6027\u6709\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8be5\u6761\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u672c\u516c\u7ea6\u9002\u7528\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u60c5\u51b5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5408\u540c\u4e0e\u53e6 \u4e00\u56fd\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e14\u4f9d\u8be5\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8be5\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u5e94\u4e88\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u5f97\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5728\u8003\u8651\u6b64\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5426 \u6709\u6548\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8651\u53ca\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u9002\u7528\u6216\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e4b\u540e\u679c\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u5916\uff0c1978\u5e745\u670814\u65e5\u7f14\u7ed3\uff0c1992\u5e745\u6708\u751f\u6548\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u7259\u4ee3\u7406\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b \uff08Convention on the law Applicable to Agency\uff09\u30011985\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\u7f14\u7ed3\uff0c1992\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u7259\u4fe1\u6258\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u627f\u8ba4\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition\uff09\u30011986\u5e74\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u7269\u4e70\u5356\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08Convention on the Law Applicableto Contracts for the International Sale of Goods\uff09 \u3001 1994\u5e74\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002[151]<\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u5c42\u9762\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u6027\u4e4b\u8ba4 \u53ef\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u7acb\u6cd5\u4ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5f53\u65701987\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\u9881\u5e03\uff0c2007\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u745e\u58eb\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5 \u5178\u300b\uff08Switzerland’ s Federal Code on Private International Law\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u7b2c13\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u4e4b\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u4f9d\u8be5\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8be5\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ec5\u4ee5\u8be5\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u516c\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u6392\u9664\u5176\u9002 \u7528\u3002\u201d\u5176\u660e\u786e\u5c06\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u5305\u542b\u5728\u51c6\u636e\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u6301\u5f00\u653e\u6001\u5ea6\uff1b\u5176\u7b2c19\u6761\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b3e\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4f9d\u636e\u745e\u58eb\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e4b\u5408\u6cd5\u7684 \u91cd\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u5207\u8981\u6c42\u9002\u7528\u672c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u8be5\u6848\u4e0e\u5176\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u8003\u8651\u9002\u7528\u8be5\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u201d\u8be5\u6761\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0 \u8003\u8651\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u8651\u53ca\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u9002\u7528\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u4f9d\u636e\u745e\u58eb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u59a5\u9002\u88c1\u51b3\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u201d[152]<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u540e\uff0c1994\u5e74\u751f\u6548\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u300a\u9b41\u5317 \u514b\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u516c\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u6848\u60c5\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u76f4\u63a5\u9002\u7528\u30021998\u5e74\u300a\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u3001 1999\u5e74\u300a\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u3001\u300a\u97e9\u56fd2001\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u300b\u30012002\u5e74\u751f\u6548\u7684\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u30012004\u5e74\u300a\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u30012009\u5e74 \u300a\u5965\u5730\u5229\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002[153]<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e3b\u6743\u9650\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u539f\u5219\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9002 \u7528\u626b\u9664\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0a\u4e4b\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u800c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u4e00\u8d2f\u63a8\u5d07\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f8b\u5916\u8bba\u201d\uff08American Exceptionalism\uff09[154]\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u63f4\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u652f\u6301\u63f4\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\uff0c [155]\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ea6\u63a8\u52a8\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u9662\u5c06\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\u3002[156]\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6df7\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u516c\u6cd5\uff0c \u5176\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u7cfb\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u6559\u80b2\u5385\u8bfe\u9898\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff082011SJB820016\uff09\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

[1]\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u7ee7\u76db\uff1a\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u8981\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\uff09\u53f0\u6e7e\u52b3\u52a8\u5b66\u4f1a2011\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c268~269\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]See Roger Blanpain\uff0c European Labor Law\uff0811 ih revised edition\uff09\uff0cthe Netherlands: Kluwer Law International\uff0c2008\uff0cp. 29.<\/p>\n

[3]\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u6167\u9896\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u542f\u52a8\u2018\u5ba3\u4f20\u6708\u2019\u63d0\u5347\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u6d77\u5916\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u201d\uff0c\u8f7dhttp:\/\/news. xinhuanet. corn\/politics\/2009-07\/09\/content-11682098.htm\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2013\u5e749\u67086\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[4]\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5764\u521a\uff1a\u201c\u6d89\u5916\u52b3\u52a1\u5e94\u7eb3\u5165\u52b3\u52a8\u4e89\u8bae\u5904\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u2014\u7531\u4e00\u8d77\u6d89\u5916\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u6848\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c46\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]\u53c2\u89c1\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\u5408\u4f5c\u53f8\uff1a\u201c2012\u5e741 -5\u6708\u4efd\u6211\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u52b3\u52a1\u4e1a\u52a1\u7b80\u660e\u7edf\u8ba1\u201d\uff0c\u8f7dhttp:\/\/hzs. mofcom. gov. cn\/aarticle\/date\/201206\/20120608194765.html\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a 2013\u5e749\u67086\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u6e58\u5b81\u3001\u5f20\u6709\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u4e09\u975e\u2019\u6e05\u2018\u6cd5\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u8d22\u7ecf\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c17\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c133\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[7]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u54f2\uff1a\u201c2009\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6d77\u5916\u5b89\u5168\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b2010\u5e741\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2cB11\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u6c38\u5e86\uff1a\u201c\u8bba\u516c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2018\u76f4\u63a5\u9002\u7528\u7684\u6cd5\u2019\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79d1\u5b66\u300b1999\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c90\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[9]\u53c2\u89c1\u6c88\u540c\u4ed9\uff1a\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c19\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[10]\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u678f\uff1a\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u539f\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861994\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c83\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u671d\u74a7\uff1a\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c21~22\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]\u53c2\u89c1\u90ed\u660e\u653f\uff1a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u4f53\u7cfb\u2014\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u4e3a\u4f8b\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c58\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c374~376\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]\u53c2\u89c1\u90dd\u51e4\u9e23\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c58\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c381~383\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]\u53c2\u89c1\u8521\u8302\u5bc5\uff1a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\u2014\u4ee5\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4f8b\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c58\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c395~397\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]\u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u8d8a\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u65b0\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u4fee\u8ba2\u4e09\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u7ff0\u82a6\u56fe\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f82006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c500\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[16]\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u536b\u4f50\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\uff08\u7b2c2\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c231~240\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]See Simon Deakin&Gillian S Morris\uff0c Labor Law\uff084th ed\uff09\uff0cOxford: Hart Publishing\uff0c 2005\uff0cpp.65~69.<\/p>\n

[18]See Katherine V. W. Stone\uff0c Flexibilization\uff0c Globalization&Privatization: Three Challenges to Labor Rights in Our Time\uff0c in Brian Bercusson&Cynthia Estlund \uff08eds\uff09\uff0cRegulating Labor in the Wake of Globalization\uff0c Oxford Hart Publishing\uff0c 2008\uff0cp. 115.<\/p>\n

[19]See Harry Arthurs\uff0c Who’ s Afraid of Globalization? Reflections on the Future of Labor Law\uff0c in John D. R.Craig&S. Michael Lynk\uff08eds\uff09\uff0cGlobalization and the Future of Labor Law\uff0cCambridge : Cambridge University Press\uff0c2006\uff0cp. 59.<\/p>\n

[20]\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u6c38\u5764\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u2014\u5168\u7403\u89c6\u91ce\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c101\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[21]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u5229\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c16\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[22]\u53c2\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u8bed\u7814\u6240\u8bcd\u5178\u7f16\u8f91\u5ba4\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff08\u7b2c5\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c16~69\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[23]\u53c2\u89c1\u6c88\u6d93\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u533a\u7ea7\u51b2\u7a81\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[24]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[20]\uff0c\u5468\u6c38\u5764\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c107\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[25]See Bryan A. Garner\uff0c Black’s Law Dictionary \uff08Ninth Edition\uff09\uff0cSt. Paul : MN: West\/Thomas Reuters\uff0c 2009\uff0cp. 1611.<\/p>\n

[26]\u53c2\u89c1\u5362\u4e91\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1993\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c365\u9875\uff1b\u5353\u6cfd\u6e0a\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c70\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[27]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[25]\uff0cBryan A. Garner\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c666\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[28]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[21]\uff0c\u5f20\u5229\u6c11\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c17\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[29]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[20]\uff0c\u5468\u6c38\u5764\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c107\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[30]\u53c2\u89c1\u859b\u6ce2\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5143\u7167\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c522\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[31]See Lea Brilmayer&Charles Norchi\uff0c Federal Extraterritoriality and Fifth Amendment Due Process\uff0c Harvard LawReview\uff0c vol. 105\uff0c1992\uff0c pp. 1217~1218\uff0cnote 3.<\/p>\n

[32]Indep. Union of Flight Attendants v. Pan Am. World Airways\uff0c Inc\uff0c 923 F. 2d 678\uff0c685 n. 1 \uff089th Cir. 1991\uff09\uff08Nelson\uff0c J.\uff0cdissenting\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[33]See Austen L. Parrish\uff0c Reclaiming International Law from Extraterritoriality\uff0c Minnesota Law Reiview\uff0cvol. 93\uff0c2008~2009\uff0cp. 818\uff0cnote 15.<\/p>\n

[34]See Frank Balzano\uff0c Comment\uff0c Extraterritorial Application of the National Labor Relations Act\uff0c University of Cincinnati Law Review\uff0c vol. 62\uff0c 1993\uff0cp. 573.<\/p>\n

[35]See Jonathan Turley\uff0c Legal Theory: \u201cWhen in Rome\u201d:Multinational Misconduct and the Presumption Against Extraterritoriality\uff0c Northwest University Law Review\uff0c vol. 84\uff0c 1990\uff0c p. 599\uff0cnote 6.<\/p>\n

[36]See Environmental Defense Fund\uff0c Inc. v. Massey\uff0c 986 F. 2d 528\uff08D. C. Cir. 1993\uff09\uff0cat 531.<\/p>\n

[37][\u82f1]\u8a79\u5b81\u65af\u3001\u74e6\u8328\u4fee\u8ba2\uff1a\u300a\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c1\u5206\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u738b\u94c1\u5d16\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1995\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c327~328\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[38]\u53c2\u89c1\u59da\u58ee\u3001\u4efb\u7ee7\u5723\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1981\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c22\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[39]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u660e\u6977\uff1a\u300a\u5211\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u7b2c3\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c64\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[40]\u7f57\u660c\u53d1\uff1a\u300a\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e92\u52a8\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c67~68\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[41]\u524d\u6ce8[21]\uff0c\u5f20\u5229\u6c11\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c21\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[42]\u53c2\u89c1\u97e9\u5fb7\u57f9\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u65b0\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c96\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[43]\u5218\u94c1\u94ee\u3001\u9648\u8363\u4f20\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u4fee\u8ba25\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e66\u5c402011\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[44]\u53c2\u89c1\u5415\u5ca9\u5cf0\uff1a\u201c\u5211\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u8fa8\u6790\u2014\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u7167\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u300b1998\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c49~50\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[45]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[43]\uff0c\u5218\u94c1\u94ee\u3001\u9648\u8363\u4f20\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[46]\u9ad8\u94ed\u6684\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5211\u6cd5\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1993\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c291~292\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[47]\u53c2\u89c1\u5e2d\u6d9b\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b662005\u5e74\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c9~10\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[48]\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u4e2d\u7f8e\uff1a\u300a\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8c03\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c46\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[49]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[25]\uff0cBryan A. Garner\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c929\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[50]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[30]\uff0c\u859b\u6ce2\u4e3b\u7f16\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c755\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[51]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[25]\uff0cBryan A. Garner\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c927~928\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[52]\u53c2\u89c1\u502a\u5f81:\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e1985\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1~2\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[53]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[37]\uff0c[\u82f1]\u8a79\u5b81\u65af\u3001\u74e6\u8328\u4fee\u8ba2\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c327\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[54]See Sarah H. Cleveland\uff0c Embedded International Law and the Constitution Abroad\uff0c Columbia Law Review\uff0c vol.110\uff0c 2010\uff0c p.232.<\/p>\n

[55]See Restatement \uff08Third\uff09 of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States \u00a7 464\uff081987\uff09\uff08stating diplomats are immune \u201cfrom the exercise by the receiving state of jurisdiction to prescribe in respect of acts or omissions in the exercise of the agent’ s official functions\uff0c as well as from other regulation that would be incompatible with the agent’s diplomatic status\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[56]\u540c\u4e0a\uff0cRestatement \uff08Third\uff09 of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States \u00a7 402\uff081987\uff09&cmts. d-h\uff08recognizing jurisdiction to prescribe on these grounds\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[57]\u97e9\u5fb7\u57f9\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1992\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c112\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[58]See American Banana Co.v.United Fruit Co\uff0c213 U. S. 347\uff0cat 356~357.<\/p>\n

[59]The ILO\uff0c Standard Setting and Globalization\uff0c Report of the Direct-General\uff0c International Labor Conference\uff0c85th Session\uff0c Geneva\uff0c 1997\uff0c’Introduction’\uff0cp. 5.<\/p>\n

[60]Global Markets and National Politics\uff0c pp.384~402\uff0c in D. Held&A. McGrew \uff08eds\uff09\uff0cThe Global Transformations Reader \uff082nd edn\uff09\uff0cCambridge: Polity Press\uff0c 2003\uff0cp. 386.<\/p>\n

[61]\u53c2\u89c1[\u897f\u73ed\u7259]\u594e\u62c9\u59c6\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u8d6b\u8428\uff1a\u300a\u5168\u7403\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u300b\uff0c\u8463\u51cc\u4e91\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c53~58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[62]\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u7acb\u864e\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c179~183\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[63]\u53c2\u89c1\u4f59\u52b2\u677e\uff1a\u300a\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c427~428\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[64]See Patrick Macklem\uff0c Labor Law Beyond Borders\uff0c Journal of International Economic Law\uff0c vol. 5\uff0c2002\uff0c pp.605 ~645.<\/p>\n

[65]\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684ADA \uff08The Americans with Disabilities Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001ADEA \uff08The Age Discrimination in Employment Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u96c7\u4f63\u5e74\u9f84\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u4e0eTitle VII \uff08Title VII of the Civil Rights Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c7\u8282\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800cEPA \uff08The Equal Pay Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u5de5\u8d44\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001FMLA \uff08The Family and Medical Leave Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u533b\u7597\u4f11\u5047\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001FLSA \uff08The Fair Labor Standards Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u5e73\u52b3\u52a8\u57fa\u51c6\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001NLRA \uff08The National Labor Relations Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001LMRDA \uff08The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u62a5\u544a\u4e0e\u62ab\u9732\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3001FELA \uff08The Federal Employer’s Liability Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u96c7\u4e3b\u8d23\u4efb\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u4e0eERISA \uff08the Employee Retirement Income Security Act\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u96c7\u5458\u9000\u4f11\u6536\u4eba\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u7b49\u90fd\u672a\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u5176\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

[66]See Carson Sprott\uff0c Competitive and Fair: The Case for Exporting Stronger Extraterritorial Labor and Employment Protection\uff0c Hastings International and Comparative Law Review\uff0c vol. 33\uff0c2010\uff0cpp. 479~500.<\/p>\n

[67]See O. Kahn-Freund\uff0c A Note on Status and Contract in British Labor Law\uff0c Modern Law Review\uff0c vol.30\uff0c 1967\uff0cp. 640.<\/p>\n

[68]See Felice Morgenstern and Blaise Knapp\uff0c Multinational Enterprises and the Extraterritorial Application of Labor Law\uff0c International and Comparative Law Quarterly\uff0c vol. 27\uff0c1978\uff0cpp. 770~771.<\/p>\n

[69]\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c771~773\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[70]The ILO Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work \uff081998\uff09\u3002The Eight Conventions are the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention 1948 \uff08C87\uff09\u300a\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u672a\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention 1949 \uff08C98\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u672a\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Forced Labor Convention 1930 \uff08C29\uff09\uff08\u300a\u5f3a\u8feb\u52b3\u52a8\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u672a\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Abolition of Forced Labor Convention 1957 \uff08C105 \uff09\uff08\u300a\u5e9f\u6b62\u5f3a\u8feb\u52b3\u52a8\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u672a\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Minimum Age Convention 1973 \uff08C138\uff09\uff08\u300a\u6700\u4f4e\u5c31\u4e1a\u5e74\u9f84\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention 1999\uff08C182\uff09\uff08\u300a\u7981\u6b62\u548c\u7acb\u5373\u6d88\u9664\u6700\u6076\u52a3\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ae5\u5de5\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1bthe Equal Remuneration Convention 1951\uff08C100\uff09\uff08\u300a\u540c\u916c\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\uff09\uff1band the Discrimination \uff08Employment and Occupation\uff09 Convention 1958\uff08Clli\uff09[\u300a\uff08\u5c31\u4e1a\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\uff09\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6].\u6b64\u516b\u5927\u516c\u7ea6\u6784\u6210ILO\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u969c\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u7684\u5e95\u7ebf\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n

[71]See Clyde Summers\uff0c NAFTA’s Labor Side Agreement and International Labor Standards\uff0c Journal of Small&Emerging Business Law\uff0c vol. 3\uff0c1999\uff0cpp. 173~187.<\/p>\n

[72]\u53c2\u89c1Final- Official_ITUC_TransPacific_Partnership_Labor_Chapter. pdf\uff0c\u8f7dhttp:\/\/www.ituc-csi.org\/IMG\/pdf\/Final- Offcial_ITUC_TransPacific_Partnership_Labor_Chapter. pdf.\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2013\u5e7410\u670830\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[73]See James Atleson\uff0c Lance Compa\uff0c Kerry Rittich\uff0c Calvin William Sharpe&Marley S. Weiss\uff0c International Labor Law : Cases and Materials on Workers’Rights in the Global Economy\uff0c St. Paul : Thomson\/ West \uff0c 2008\uff0cp. 223~473.<\/p>\n

[74]See Alexandra Harney\uff0cThe China Price-The True Cost of Chinese Competitive Advantage, New York: The Penguin Press, 2009, p.5.<\/p>\n

[75]\u53c2\u89c1\u6797\u632f\u8d24\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u7248\u52b3\u57fa\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u52a1\u300b\uff0c\u6377\u592a\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c60~61\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[76]\u53c2\u89c1\u793e\u8bc4\uff1a\u201c\u5bcc\u58eb\u5eb7\u52a0\u85aa\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u7f3a\u5931\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u8d22\u7ecf\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c7\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c16\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[77]\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u57df\u5916\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u9996\u8981\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u7981\u6b62\u4e00\u56fd\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5728\u5176\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u4e4b\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u56fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5236\u5b9a\u65e8\u5728\u652f\u914d\u4ed6\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6cd5 \u5f8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u663e\u7136\u5c06\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u56fd\u5916\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5916\u4e4b\u672c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4eba\u4e4b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5f53\u4e8b \u4eba\u8fdd\u53cd\u5176\u6240\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4ece\u4e8b\u751f\u610f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u56fd\u786e\u5b9e\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5176\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6548\u529b\u8986\u76d6\u81f3\u5916\u6d3e\u56fd\u5916\u4e4b\u96c7\u5458\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u89c4 \u5b9a\u6216\u8868\u660e\u56fd\u5916\u4e4b\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u6765\u8fbe\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u89c1David P. Currie\uff0c Herman Hill Kay&Larry Kramer\uff0c Conflict of Laws:Cases-Comments-Questions \uff086th ed.\uff09\uff0cSt. Paul\uff0cMinnesota: West Group\uff0c 2001\uff0cp. 733. Katherine Van Wezel Stone\uff0c Labor and the Global Economy: Four Approaches to Transnational Labor Regulation\uff0c Michigan Journal of International Journal\uff0c vol. 16\uff0c1995\uff0cp. 987 .<\/p>\n

[78]See Harry Arthurs\uff0c Extraterntonality by Other Means: How Labor Law Sneaks Across Borders\uff0c Conquers Minds\uff0c and Controls Workplaces Abroad\uff0c Stanford Law and Policy Review\uff0c vol. 21\uff0c2010\uff0c p.527.<\/p>\n

[79]\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u57281919\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u5408\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c427\u6761\u4ee5\u53ca1944\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u8d39\u57ce\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u7686\u6709\u5ba3\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

[80]See Bob Hepple\uff0c Labor Laws and Global Trade\uff0c Oxford: Hart Publishing\uff0c 2005\uff0cp. 13.<\/p>\n

[81]See Part XIII\uff0c Section 1\uff0cRecitals: \u201cWhereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries.\u201d<\/p>\n

[82]See A. C. L. Davies\uff0c Perspectives on Labor Law \uff082nd ed.\uff09\uff0cCambridge: Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2009\uff0cp. 39.<\/p>\n

[83]See Eugene Wambaugh\uff0c Workmen’s Compensation Acts-Their Theory and Their Constitutionality\uff0c Harvard Law Review\uff0cvol. 25\uff0c 1911~1912\uff0c pp.129~131.<\/p>\n

[84]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[75]\uff0c\u6797\u632f\u8d24\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c57~61\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[85]See Bob Hepple\uff0c Factors Influencing the Making and Transformation of Labor Law in Europe\uff0c in Guy Davidov&Brian Langille \uff08eds\uff09\uff0cThe Idea of Labor Law\uff0cOxford. Oxford University Press\uff0c 2013\uff0cp. 30.<\/p>\n

[86]See Richard A. Epstein\uff0c Forbidden Grounds:The Case Against Employment Discrimination Laws\uff0c Cambridge:Harvard University Press\uff0c 1992\uff1b R. A. Epstein\uff0c In Defense of the Contract at Will\uff0c University of Chicago Law Review\uff0c vol. 51\uff0c1984\uff0c pp.947~982\uff1b and R. A. Epstein\uff0c A Common Law for Labor Relations \uff1b A Critique of the New Deal Labor Legislation\uff0c Yale Law Journal\uff0c vol. 92\uff0c 1983\uff0cpp. 1357~1408.<\/p>\n

[87]\u53c2\u89c1Hugh Collins\uff0c Theories of Rights as Justifications for Labor Law\uff0c\u8f7d\u524d\u6ce8[85]\uff0cGuy Davidov&Brian Langille\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c140~153\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[88]\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c137\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[89]\u53c2\u89c1Brian Langille\uff0c Labor Law’s Theory of Justice\uff0c\u8f7d\u524d\u6ce8[85]\uff0cGuy Davidov&Brian Iangille\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c103\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[90]\u5176\u7b2c7\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7b2c23\u6761\u300124\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u6743\u3001\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u5de5\u65f6\u3001\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u516c\u6b63\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

[91]\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u8d28\u9700\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u6743\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u6743\u5229\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u6743\u5229\u3001\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u5de5\u65f6\u5408\u7406\u9650\u5b9a\u7b49\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u5176\u7b2c6\u30017\u30018\u30019\u300110\u300111\u6761\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

[92]\u8be5\u516c\u7ea6\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e4b\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u6240\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u514d\u53d7\u9177\u5211\u6216\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u514d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c22\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7b2c26\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

[93]\u5176\u7b2c11\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u548c\u5e73\u96c6\u4f1a\u6743\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7531\u7ec4\u5efa\u548c\u52a0\u4eba\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7b2c14\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

[94]See Lance A. Compa and Stephen F. Diamond\uff0c Human Rights\uff0cLabor Rights and International Trade\uff08Ist paperback ed.\uff09\uff0cPhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press\uff0c 2003.<\/p>\n

[95]\u56fd\u5185\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u8fb9\u6c38\u6c11\uff1a\u201c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u76df\u4e3a\u4e3b \u5bfc\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u533a\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u4fdd\u62a4\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u6c88\u56db\u5b9d\u3001\u738b\u519b\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u5546\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b\uff082010\u5e74\u7b2c10\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c9~25\u9875\uff1b\u5b59\u56fd \u5e73\uff1a\u201c\u6b27\u76df\u666e\u60e0\u5236\uff08GSP\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u7814\u7a76\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u6708\u65e6\u8d22\u7ecf\u6cd5\u6742\u5fd7\u300b2013\u5e74\u7b2c33\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c193~225\u9875\uff1b\u56fd\u5916\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8 [80]\uff0cBob Hepple\u4e66\uff1b\u524d\u6ce8[73]\uff0cJames Atleson\uff0c Lance Compa\uff0c Kerry Rittich\uff0c Calvin William Sharpe&Marley S. Weiss\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n

[96]See James Crawford\uff0c Brownlie’ s Principles of Public International Law \uff088th edition\uff09\uff0cOxford: Oxford University Press\uff0c 2012\uff0cp. 467.<\/p>\n

[97]\u524d\u6ce8[55]\uff0cRestatement \uff08Third\uff09 of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States \u00a7 404\uff081987\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[98]See generally Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft\uff0c 22 U. S. T. 1641\uff0cT. I. A.S. 7192\uff081971\uff09\uff1bMontreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation\uff0c 24 U. S.T. 565\uff0cT. I. A. S. 7570\uff081973\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[99]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[55]\uff0cRestatement\uff08Third\uff09of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States \u00a7 404\uff081987\uff09\uff0ccomment b.<\/p>\n

[100]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[21]\uff0c\u5f20\u5229\u6c11\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c127\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[101]See James Michael Zimmerman\uff0c Extraterritorial Employment Standards of the United States : The Regulation of the Overseas Workplace\uff0c New York: Quorum Books\uff0c 1992\uff0c pp. 167~168.<\/p>\n

[102]\u672c\u6848\u5168\u79f0\u4e3a\uff1a\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u2014\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u4e88\u5173\u7a0e \u4f18\u60e0\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Panel Report and Appellate Body Report\uff0c European Communities-Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries\uff08EC-Preferences\uff09\uff0cWT\/DS246\/R and WT\/DS246\/AB\/R\uff0c adopted 20 April2004.<\/p>\n

[103]See Council Regulation 2501\/2001\uff0cArts 14. 1\uff0c19 and 28.3.<\/p>\n

[104]\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u7eb3\u5165WTO\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\u8981\u5e7f\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Thomas Cottier\uff0c Joost Pauwelyn&Elisabeth Biirgi\uff0c Human Rights and International Trade\uff0c New York: Oxford University Press\uff0c 2005.<\/p>\n

[105]James Harrison\uff0c The Human Rights Impact of the World Trade Organization\uff0c Oxford: Hart Publishing\uff0c 2007\uff0cp. 116.<\/p>\n

[106]See Maureen lnsh\uff0c GSP Tariffs and Conditionality. A Comment on EC-Preferences\uff0c Journal of World Trade\uff0cvol. 41\uff0c2007\uff0cpp. 683~698.<\/p>\n

[107]See EC Commission Communication\uff0c Developing countries\uff0c international trade and sustainable development:the function of the Community’ s generalized system of preferences\uff08GSP\uff09 for the ten-year period from 2006 to 2015\uff0c7 Jul. 2004\uff0cCOM \uff082004\uff09 461 final\uff0c OJC 242 \uff0829.9.2004\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[108]\u53c2\u89c1\u66fe\u4ee4\u826f\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8df5\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6cbb30\u5e74\uff1a\u6210\u5c31\u4e0e\u6311\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e3b\u529e\uff1a\u300a\u6b66\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u7b2c14\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c17~18\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[109]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[80]\uff0cBob Hepple\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c101\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[110]See Philip Alston\uff0c Labor Rights Provisions in US Trade Law:’Aggressive Unilateralism\u2018\uff1f\uff0cHuman Rights Quarterly\uff0c vol. 15\uff0c1993\uff0cp. 1~35.<\/p>\n

[111]See Kai Raustiala\uff0c Empire and Extraterritoriality in Twentieth Century America\uff0c Southwestern Law Review\uff0cvol.40\uff0c 2010~2011\uff0cpp. 612~614.<\/p>\n

[112]Arnold Toynbee\uff0c America and the World Revolution\uff0c London: Oxford University Press\uff0c 1962\uff0cpp. 29~30.<\/p>\n

[113]\u53c2\u89c1\u8d44\u4e2d\u7b60\uff1a\u300a\u5750\u89c2\u5929\u4e0b\u2014\u8d44\u4e2d\u7b60\u81ea\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c164\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[114]\u63071898\u5e74\u7f8e\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d62\u5f97\u5bf9\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u5404\u5c9b\u3001\u5173\u5c9b\u4ee5\u53ca\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u5c9b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u524d\u9014\u5728\u5168\u7f8e\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u53d7\u6b96\u6c11\u78e8\u70bc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u600e\u80fd\u5728\u8d62\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c45\u4e2d\u65a1\u65cb\uff0c\u5176\u57289\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u6b64\u7c7b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u91ca \u89e3\u4e86\u65f7\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e89\u5435\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6848\u4ef6\u88ab\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3aInsular cases: De Lima v. Bidwell\uff0c 182 U. S. 1 \uff081901\uff09 \uff1b Goetze v. United States\uff0c 182 U. S. 221 \uff081901\uff09\uff1bGrossmanv.United States\uff0c 182 U. S. 221\uff081901\uff09\uff1bDooleyv.United States\uff0c 182 U. S. 222\uff081901\uff09\uff08’Dooley I\u2019\uff09\uff1bArmstrong v. United States\uff0c 182 U. S. 243\uff081901\uff09\uff1bDownes v. Bidwell\uff0c 182 U. S. 244\uff081901\uff09\uff1bHuus v. New York&Porto Rico Steamship Co\uff0c182 U. S. 392\uff081901\uff09\uff1bDooleyv.United States\uff0c 183 U. S. 151\uff081901\uff09\uff08\u2018Dooley II\u2019\uff09and Fourteen Diamond Ringsv.United States\uff0c 183 U. S. 176\uff081901\uff09\u3002See Krishanti Vignarajah\uff0c The Political Roots of Judicial Legitimacy: Explaining the Enduring Validity of the Insular Cases\uff0c University of Chicago Lau Review\uff0c vol. 77\uff0c2010\uff0c p.781~789.<\/p>\n

[115]See Scott v. Sanford\uff0c 60 U. S. 393\uff081856\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[116]See the discussion in G. John Ikenberry\uff0c After Victory: Institutions\uff0cStrategic Restraint\uff0c and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars\uff0c Ch.6 \uff082001\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[117]See Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.\uff0c130 S. Ct. 2869 \uff082011\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[118]See Kal Raustiala\uff0c Does the Constitution Follow the Flag: The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law 60\uff082009\uff09\uff0cp. 95.<\/p>\n

[119]\u53c2\u89c1United Statesv.Aluminum Co. of Am.\uff0c148 F. 2d 416\uff0c443 \uff082d Cir. 1945\uff09\u3002[\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u57df\u5916\u7684\u975e\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u9002\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u6cd5\uff08Sherman Act\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u8303\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u5bf9\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002]<\/p>\n

[120]See James Michael Zimmerman\uff0c Extraterritorial Employment Standards of the United States: The Regulation of the Overseas Workplace\uff0c New York: Quorum Books\uff0c 1992\uff0cp. 160.<\/p>\n

[121]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[111]\uff0cKal Raustiala\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c614\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[122]See Jeffrey A. Meyer\uff0c Dual Illegality and Geo-ambiguous Law: A New Rule for Extraterritorial Application of US Law\uff0c Minnesota Law Review\uff0c vol. 95\uff0c2010\uff0c p. 121.<\/p>\n

[123]See UN Charter art. 2\uff0c para. 1\uff08\u201cThe Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members.\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n

[124]\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u9ca0\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861981\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c75\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[125]See John H. Jackson\uff0c Sovereignty\uff0cthe WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law\uff0cCambridge:Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2006\uff0cp. 57.<\/p>\n

[126]See Alfred van Staden&Hans V.ollaard\uff0c The Erosion of State Sovereignty: Towards a Post-Territorial World?\uff0cin Gerald Kreijen et al.\uff08eds.\uff09\uff0cState Sovereignty and International Governance\uff0c Oxford : Oxford University Press\uff0c 2002\uff0cop. 167~168.<\/p>\n

[127]\u53c2\u89c1Richard N. Haass\uff0c Sovereignty: Existing Rights\uff0c Evolving Responsibilities\uff0c Remarks at the School of Foreign Service and the Mortara Center for International Studies\uff0c Georgetown University\uff08Jan. 14\uff0c2003\uff09\uff0c\u8f7dwww.georgetown. edu. \/sfs\/documents\/haass_sovereignty 20030114. pdf\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2013\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[128]See Stephen D. Krasner\uff0c Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy\uff0c Princeton: Princeton University Press\uff0c 1999\uff0c p.9.<\/p>\n

[129]\u53c2\u89c1Henry Schermers\uff0cDifferent Aspects of Sovereignty\uff0c\u8f7d\u524d\u6ce8[126]\uff0cGerald Kreijen et al.\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c185\u3001192\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[130]An Agenda for Peace-Preventive Diplomacy\uff0c Peacemaking\uff0c and Peace-Keeping\uff0c Report of the Secret-General\uff0cUN Doc. A\/47\/277-S\/24111\uff0cpara. 17\uff081992\uff09\uff0cUN Sales No. E95. 1. 15\uff081995\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[131]Kofi A. Annan\uff0c Secretary -Genaral’s Speech to the 54’`’ Session of the General Assembly\uff0c UN Doc. SG\/SM\/7136 \uff081999\uff09<\/p>\n

[132]Louis Henkin\uff0c International Law: Politics and Values\uff0c The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International\uff0c 1995\uff0cp. 10.<\/p>\n

[133]See S. S. Lotus\uff08Fr. v. Turk.\uff09\uff0c[1927] P. C. I. J\uff08ser. A\uff09 No. 10\uff0c at 19\uff08\u201cFar from laying down a general prohibition to the effect that States may not extend the application of their laws and the jurisdiction of their courts to persons\uff0c property and acts outside their territory\uff0c[international law] leaves them in this respect a wide measure of discretion which is only limited in certain cases by prohibitive rules\uff1b as regards other cases\uff0c every State remains free to adopt the principle which it regards as best and most suitable.\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n

[134]See Restatement \uff08Third\uff09 of Foreign Relations Law \u00a7 \u00a7 402\uff081\uff09\uff08c\uff09&402 \uff082\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[135]\u53c2\u89c1Joined Cases 89\uff0c104\uff0c 114\uff0c 116\uff0c117&125-29\/85\uff0c\u4ebahlstrom Osakeyhtio\uff0c[1988]E. C. R. 5193\uff0c5242~5244 \uff08E. C. J\uff09\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u88ab\u544a\u9002\u7528\u300a\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c85\u6761\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6548\u679c\u539f\u5219\u800c\u884c\u4f7f\u57df\u5916\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff09\uff1bHartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California\uff0c 509 U. S. 764\uff0c 769 \uff081993\uff09\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9020\u6210\u5b9e\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u88ab\u544a\u9002\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[136]See Hans W Baade\uff0cThe Operation of Foreign Public Law\uff0c Texas International Law Journal\uff0c vol. 30\uff0c 1995\uff0cp. 483.<\/p>\n

[137]See Andreas F. Lowenfeld\uff0c Public Law in the International Arena: Conflict of Laws\uff0c International Law\uff0c and Some Suggestions for Their Interaction\uff0c Recueil Des Cours\uff0c vol. 163\uff0c1979-11\uff0c p.311\uff0c322~326.<\/p>\n

[138]See William S. Dodge\uff0c Breaking the Public Law Taboo\uff0c Harvard International Law Journal\uff0cvol. 43\uff0c2002\uff0cp.161~162.<\/p>\n

[139]23 U. S.\uff081 Wheat.\uff0966\uff0c 123\uff081825\uff09<\/p>\n

[140]See Holman v. Johnson\uff0c 98 Eng. Rep. 1120\uff0c 1121\uff08K. B. 1775\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[141]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce8[138]\uff0cWilliam S. Dodge\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c165~170\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[142]See Philip McConnaughay\uff0c Reviving the’Public Law Taboo’in International Conflict of Laws\uff0c Stanford Journal of International Lau\uff0cvol. 35\uff0c1999\uff0cp. 310.<\/p>\n

[143]\u53c2\u89c1William S. Dodge\uff0c The Public-Private Distinction in the Conflict of Laws\uff0c Duke Journal of Comparative&International Law\uff0cvol. 18\uff0c2007~2008\uff0cpp. 371~394.\u524d\u6ce8[138]\uff0cWilliam S. Dodge\u6587\uff0c\u7b2c208~235\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[144][\u82f1]\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u5229\u5e0c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u54c8\u8036\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u9093\u6b63\u6765\u3001\u5f20\u5b88\u4e1c\u3001\u674e\u9759\u51b0\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c47\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[145]\u53c2\u89c1\u5c48\u5e7f\u6e05\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f31\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862011\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u53c8\u89c1\u66f2\u6ce2\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u672c\u4f53\u4e0b\u5f31\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[146]\u53c2\u89c1\u4f55\u5176\u751f\u3001\u5b59\u6167\uff1a\u201c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6cd5\u8def\u5f84\u201d\uff0c\u8f7d\u524d\u6ce8[108]\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e3b\u529e\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c200\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[147]\u53c2\u89c1\u8096\u6c38\u5e73\u3001\u674e\u81e3\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2001\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c100~112\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[148]\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u7f8e\u56fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u542b\u6709\u513f\u7ae5\u8272\u60c5\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u81f4\u4f7f\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u5211 \u6cd5\u5904\u7f5a\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ef4\u62a4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u7f51\u9875\u7684\u7535\u8bdd\u8fde\u7ebf\uff0c\u4f46\u5fb7\u56fd\u7f51\u7edc\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0e\u8be5\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u751f\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668 \u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5f53\u5fb7\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u544a\u77e5\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5176\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8\u53d1\u9001\u7684282\u4e2a\u65b0\u95fb\u7ec4\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u90fd\u542b\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8272\u60c5\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u6781\u7aef\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u89e6\u72af\u5fb7\u56fd\u5211\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u83f2\u5229 \u514b\u65af\u00b7\u8428\u59c6\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u901a\u544a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u867d\u9887\u8d39\u5468\u6298\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u95fb\u7ec4\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u83f2\u5229\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u8428\u59c6\u88ab\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u5904\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c100~112\u9875\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u8d77\u56e0\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u88d4\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9752\u5fb7\u5c14\u5229\u7528\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u64ad\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u717d\u52a8\u79cd\u65cf\u4ec7\u6068\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u54c1\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u53cd\u7eb3\u7cb9\u548c \u53cd\u5211\u4e8b\u72af\u7f6a\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9752\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u72af\u7f6a\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8\u867d\u7136\u4e8b\u540e\u4e2d\u65ad\u4e86\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9752\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u7f51\u5740\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u5728\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u516c\u53f8\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a \u4e0a\u4ecd\u53ef\u90ae\u5bc4\u3002\u8be5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u62d2\u7edd\u64a4\u6389\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9752\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u5211\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7ec8\u6b62\u63a5\u901a\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9752\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e2d\u65ad\u4e86 \u63a5\u901a\u8be5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f51\u7edc\u516c\u53f8\u5176\u4ed61500\u4e2a\u7f51\u5740\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u4f55\u5176\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c173\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[149]See Developments in the Law: Extraterritoriality\uff0c Harvard Law Review\uff0cvol. 124\uff0c 2010~2011\uff0cpp. 1226~1304. Also see Austen L. Parrish\uff0c Reclaiming International Law from Extraterritoriality\uff0c Minnesota Law Review\uff0c vol. 93\uff0c2008~2009\uff0cp. 818.<\/p>\n

[150]\u53c2\u89c1The Wiesbaden Resolution 1975\uff0c\u8f7dhttp:\/\/www.idi-iii.org\/idiE\/resolutionsE\/1975_wies_04_en. pdf\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2014\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[151]\u300a\u6d77\u7259\u4ee3\u7406\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c16\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u9002\u7528\u672c\u516c\u7ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u4ee5\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f9d\u636e\u8be5\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u51b2 \u7a81\u89c4\u8303\u6307\u5b9a\u9002\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u6b64\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5916\u56fd\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u6548\u529b\u3002\u201d\u300a\u6d77\u7259\u4fe1\u6258\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u627f\u8ba4\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c16\u6761\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a \u201c\u516c\u7ea6\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u51b2\u7a81\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7d27\u5bc6\u4e4b\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u4e0a\u6b3e\u6240\u63d0\u6027 \u8d28\u89c4\u8303\u4ee5\u6548\u529b\u3002\u201d\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u7269\u4e70\u5356\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c17\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u7ea6\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u51b2\u7a81\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u9002\u7528\u3002\u201d\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd \u5bb6\u95f4\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c11\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u524d\u8ff0\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5730\u6cd5\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u5e94\u4e88\u9002\u7528\u3002\u4f55\u65f6\u9002\u7528\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u5f3a \u5236\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5e94\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

[152]English Version is available\uff0c\u8f7dhttp:\/\/www. umbricht. ch\/pdf\/Swiss PIL. pdf\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2014\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[153]\u300a\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c38\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u67d0\u9879\u672a\u88ab\u51b2\u7a81\u89c4\u5219\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6b64\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e0e\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6216\u60c5\u51b5\u5177 \u6709\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u8be5\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u9002\u7528\u4e4b\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u516c\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u5176\u9002\u7528\u6216\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e88\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u3002\u201d\u300a\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c7\u7ae0\uff08\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\uff09\u4e2d \u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u5747\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u9002\u7528\uff08\u7b2c1100\u6761\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u6b3e\uff09\u3002\u201d\u300a\u97e9\u56fd2001\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c6\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u51b2 \u7a81\u6cd5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5e94\u9002\u7528\u7684\u51c6\u636e\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u516c\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u9002\u7528\u3002\u201d\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c11\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c1192\u6761\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u672c\u7f16\u4e4b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u9002 \u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u51c6\u636e\u6cd5\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5219\u6cd5\u9662\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u6709\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5 \u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e94\u5f53\u8651\u53ca\u6b64\u7c7b\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u7279\u70b9\u4ee5\u53ca\u9002\u7528\u6216\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u201d\u300a\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c20\u6761\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u672c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e00\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b \u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u6216\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u89c4\u5219\u5e94\u4e88\u9002\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u9002\u7528\u3002\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u9002 \u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8651\u53ca\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u9002\u7528\u6216\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u201d\u300a\u5965\u5730\u5229\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u7b2c41\u6761\uff08\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5408\u540c\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6d89\u53ca\u8be5\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684 \u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5219\u5bf9\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9009\u62e9\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u89c1\u5f90\u51ac\u6839\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u79c1\u6cd5\u8d8b\u52bf\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c422\u9875\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u89c1\u535c\u7490\uff1a\u201c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u9002\u7528 \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53d8\u8fc1\u201d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e3b\u529e\uff1a\u300a\u6b66\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff082008\u5e74\u7b2c8\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c 133~136\u9875\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f8b\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4e4b\u8bc4\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

[154]See Harold Hongju Koh\uff0c on American Exceptionalism\uff0c Stanford Law Review\uff0c vol. 55\uff0c2003\uff0cpp. 1479\uff1bAlso see Steven G. Calabresi\uff0c’A Shinning City on a Hill’:American Exceptionalism and the Supreme Court’s Practice of Relying on Foreign Law\uff0c Boston University Law Review\uff0c vol. 86\uff0c 2006\uff0cpp. 1335~1416<\/p>\n

[155]\u53c2\u89c1\u675c\u6d9b\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c52~71\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[156]See Roger Blanpain\uff0c Susan Bisom-Rapp\uff0c William R. Corbett\uff0c Hilary K. Josephs and Michael J. Zimmer\uff0c The Global Workplace\uff0c Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2007\uff0c pp. 32~37.<\/p>\n

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