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\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\uff08Montinola et al.\uff0c1995\uff09\uff1a1.\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u7cfb\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u8303\u56f4\u6216\u8005\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\uff1b2.\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u6709\u9996\u8981\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b3.\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u7edf\u4e00\uff1b4.\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u786c\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\uff1b5.\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5212\u5206\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\uff08institutionalized \uff09\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u6781\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ade\u4e89\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e02\u573a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u201d\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u732e\u662f\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u548c\u8bb8\u6210\u94a2\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1993\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014M \u578b\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u5236\u548c\u975e\u56fd\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0e\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u732e\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5bf9\u8c61\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e61\u6751\u4e24\u7ea7\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u975e\u56fd\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u201d\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e61\u6751\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7684\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u786e\u5b9e\u70b9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u4e61\u6751\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5185\u7684\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6709\u4e3a\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7406\u8bba\u5316\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5728\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u548c\u6e29\u52a0\u65af\u7279\uff08\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u3001Weingast\uff0c2008\/1995\uff09\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u7c7b\u5047\u8bbe\u5305\u62ec\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u4e94\u5047\u8bbe\uff1b\u540e\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u6307\u7b2c\u4e8c\u548c\u7b2c\u56db\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5206\u6743\u5173\u7cfb\u4f55\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7b2c\u4e8c\u548c\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u5de8\u53d8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u66f4\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u4e94\u5047\u8bbe\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5206\u6743\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u53cd\u601d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u6027\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u628a\u5206\u6743\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u662f\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u884c\u52a8\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5206\u6743\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5c42\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u6069\u8d50\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e89\u53d6\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684M \u578b\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u6743\u529b\u6781\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0e\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff08\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u3001Weingast\uff0c2008\/1995\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ec6\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u6743\u53f2\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5199\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u732e\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u653e\u6743\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5e72\u90e8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8001\u5b9e\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u8bae\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u706b\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u201c\u5206\u6743\u4f55\u4ee5\u5c31\u80fd\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u7f57\u987f\u548c\u7f57\u65af\uff0d\u963f\u514b\u66fc\uff08Rodden\uff06Rose-Ackerman \uff0c1997\uff09\u3001\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\uff082007\uff09\u3001\u5f20\u519b\uff082008\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6768\u5176\u9759\u548c\u8042\u8f89\u534e\uff082008\uff09\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\uff082007\uff09\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5e72\u90e8\u7684\u4e56\u5de7\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u664b\u5347\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u501a\u91cd\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4eba\u4e8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u628a\u201c\u884c\u653f\u5206\u6743\u2014\u533a\u57df\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u201d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u4e8b\u96c6\u6743\u2014\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u4e86\u664b\u5347\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\u201d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5347\u5b98\u5927\u8003\u573a\u91cc\uff0c\u8003\u8bd5\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e0a\u5c42\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u53ea\u8981\u8fdb\u8003\u573a\u7b54\u5377\u8db3\u77e3\u3002\u90a2\u534e\uff082007\uff09\u5229\u7528\u6c5f\u82cf\u770152\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u5347\u8fc1\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e4b\u95f4\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6768\u5176\u9759\u548c\u8042\u8f89\u534e\uff082008\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u81f3\u5c11\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7f3a\u5c11\u5173\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8521\u6d2a\u6ee8\u548c\u7279\u96f7\u65af\u66fc\uff08Cai \uff06Treisman\uff0c2006\uff09\u5728\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u7ef4\u62a4\u578b\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5931\u671b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6539\u9769\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u5185\u90e8\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u5f7b\u5e95\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

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1.\u5730\u65b9\/\u57fa\u5c42\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\/\u57fa\u5c42\u5e72\u90e8\u6216\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u72ec\u5360\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u901a\u4fd7\u5730\u8bf4\u2014\u2014\u516c\u9053\u3002\u5bf9\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u672c\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u5730\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u516c\u5171\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u5730\u65b9\/\u57fa\u5c42\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u52a8\u5730\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u5207\u6761\u4ef6\u5408\u7406\u5730\u6269\u5c55\u81ea\u8eab\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6388\u6743\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6743\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5206\u6743\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6388\u6743\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n

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1.\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e\u547d\u8109\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e00\u7ea7\u653f\u6743\u90fd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u672c\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u6743\u529b\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

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2.\u4e00\u65e6\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u672c\u5730\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u547d\u8109\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5341\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56\u8fd9\u79cd\u638c\u63e1\u3002\u5730\u65b9\/\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u7ec6\u8282\u5f88\u96be\u6536\u96c6\u3002\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u56db\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u677e\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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3.\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u4f4d\u5351\u6743\u8f7b\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u638c\u63e1\u672c\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c45\u7136\u4e00\u5ea6\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n

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1.\u96c6\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u7ea7\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u6269\u5f20\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff1b<\/p>\n

2.\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5efa\u6784\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e4b\u95f4\u65e2\u6709\u534f\u8c03\u6027\u4e5f\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u6027\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d88\u9664\u7684\uff0c\u534f\u8c03\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff1b<\/p>\n

3.\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\/\u57fa\u5c42\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3b\u52a8\u6743\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\uff1b<\/p>\n

4.\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5c0f\u519c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5076\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u7fa4\u4f17\u3001\u5e72\u90e8\u3001\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u6743\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u6070\u597d\u534f\u8c03\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u800c\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n

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1.\u96c6\u4f53\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u4ece\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u73af\u5883\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u603b\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8ba9\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u4f9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u4ece\u4f01\u4e1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6539\u5236\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u76d1\u63a7\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u5468\u5176\u4ec1\uff081996\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u6709\u5236\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a0\u5267\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d44\u672c\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u8d44\u672c\u4e2d\u5360\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53c8\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u76d1\u63a7\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u52e4\u594b\u5ec9\u6d01\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4f1a\u8d70\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u6240\u6709\u5236\u3002\u4ece\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6539\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u5200\u5207\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u6761\u4ef6\u8d8a\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e00\u5b9a\u5728\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u7387\u5148\u666e\u904d\u5316\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u641e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4efb\u5176\u8513\u5ef6\u3002\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u4f1a\u6311\u8d77\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u79c1\u5fc3\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u82cf\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u62b5\u6321\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fb5\u8680\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u5e02\u573a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u5730\u533a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4e5f\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5168\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u5927\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4fdd\u62a4\u74e6\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e5f\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff08\u65b9\u5b81\uff0c2004\uff09\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5fc5\u7136\u5411\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e61\u9547\u8d22\u653f\u5fc5\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u5371\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6682\u65f6\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd8\u591a\u5c11\u80fd\u591f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff1b\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fd8\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\uff1b\u8001\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u65b0\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u672a\u5fc5\u4e0d\u884c\uff1b\u53cd\u8d85\u4e1c\u90e8\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u8ddf\u8e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u5219\u672a\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u6761\u4ef6\u6bd4\u8f83\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u96c6\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u80dc\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u786e\u5b9e\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u4e0b\u7ea7\u8d44\u672c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u7ea7\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u516c\u53f8\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\/\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u8d27\u6808\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\/\u96c6\u4f53\u5546\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u62b5\u6321\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e0a\u5c42\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u4e5f\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u91cd\u91cd\uff0c\u5728\u5185\u5916\u4ea4\u56f0\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u571f\u5d29\u74e6\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

4.\u57fa\u5c42\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6307\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7136\u800c\u88ab\u6539\u5236\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u5236\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6218\u7565\uff0c1994\u5e743\u6708\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u300a\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u4ea7\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u610f\u89c1\u300b\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u5236\u5439\u54cd\u4e86\u53f7\u89d2\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u4f01\u4e1a\u4ece\u516c\u6709\u6539\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u7a76\u7adf\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\uff1f\u53c8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u63a8\u8fdb\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7D.\u94b1\u5fb7\u52d2\uff0c2002\/1962\uff0c\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u5546\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u957f\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u7bc7\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u5b5f\u6615\u8bd1\uff0c\u6606\u660e\uff1a\u4e91\u5357\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u767d\u82cf\u73ca\uff0c2009\/2000\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u6751\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u8d22\u5bcc\uff1a\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u90ce\u53cb\u5174\u3001\u65b9\u5c0f\u5e73\u8bd1\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff0c1972\/1894\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5fb7\u519c\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u9009\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8584\u4e00\u6ce2\uff0c1997\uff0c\u300a\u82e5\u5e72\u91cd\u5927\u51b3\u7b56\u4e0e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u56de\u987e\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f9\u9526\u6e05\u3001\u5f20\u4e50\u5929\u3001\u9648\u4e2d\u4e9a\uff0c2001\uff0c\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u6d59\u5317\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fdc\u4e1c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f9\u6b63\u6c49\u3001\u53f2\u664b\u5ddd\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u6293\u4f4f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6743\u2014\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bf4\u4e0e\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9648\u5409\u5143\u3001\u590f\u5fb7\u82b3\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c1989\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9648\u5409\u5143\u3001\u9648\u5bb6\u9aa5\u3001\u6768\u52cb\uff0c1993\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u8fc1\uff1a1949\uff0d1989\u300b\uff0c\u592a\u539f\uff1a\u5c71\u897f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u2014\u2014\uff0c2007\/1984\uff0c\u300a\u540e\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5fd7\u5728\u5bcc\u6c11\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f55\u663e\u660e\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c5f\u6d77\u658c\u3001\u8c22\u5c0f\u8363\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u6e29\u5dde\u519c\u6751\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c5530\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u674e\u53cb\u6885\u7b49\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\uff0c2006\/1937\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\uff0c1986\/1923\uff0c\u300a\u8bba\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u5377\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u3002\u66fc\uff0c2007\/1993\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u9648\u6d77\u5b8f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\uff0c1993\/1960\uff0c\u300a\u8bfb\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u300b\uff08\u8282\u9009\uff09\u300b\uff081959\u5e7412\u6708\uff0d1960\u5e742\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c8\u5377\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bdb\u4e39\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u843d\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5c16\u5c71\u4e0b\u6751\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u9610\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u5b66\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u9f50\u57c3\uff0c2002\/1986\uff0c\u300a\u79d1\u5c42\u73b0\u8c61\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u6c49\u5168\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6f58\u5609\u5ff5\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u5fd7\uff1a\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u5e7f\u5dde\uff1a\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6f58\u7ef4\uff0c2003\uff0c\u300a\u519c\u6c11\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u3002<\/p>\n

\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\u3001\u8bb8\u6210\u94a2\uff0c2008\/1993\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014M \u578b\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u5236\u548c\u975e\u56fd\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0e\u6269\u5f20\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u519b\u3001\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u4e3a\u589e\u957f\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u683c\u81f4\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u94b1\u9896\u4e00\uff0cB.R.Weingast\uff0c2008\/1995\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u519b\u3001\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u4e3a\u589e\u957f\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u683c\u81f4\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79e6\u6656\uff0c2005\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u5927\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u672c\u4f4d\u201d\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4f20\u7edf\u5341\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9752\u6728\u660c\u5f66\uff0c2001\uff0c\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5236\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fdc\u4e1c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\u3001\u5468\u98de\u821f\u3001\u5e94\u661f\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u603b\u4f53\u652f\u914d\u5230\u6280\u672f\u6cbb\u7406\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd30\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8363\u656c\u672c\u3001\u5d14\u4e4b\u5143\u7b49\uff0c1998\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u538b\u529b\u578b\u4f53\u5236\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u5408\u4f5c\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u53bf\u4e61\u4e24\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c88\u5fb7\u7406\uff0c2003\uff0c\u300a\u7b80\u8bba\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5357\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\uff0c2004\uff0c\u300a\u975e\u5747\u8861\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff1a\u5bf9\u6d77\u5357\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u533a\uff081998\uff0d2002\u5e74\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7530\u6bc5\u3001\u8d75\u65ed\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u4ed6\u4e61\u4e4b\u7a0e\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e61\u9547\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u9690\u79d8\u201d\u8d22\u653f\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c6a\u548c\u5efa\uff0c2007\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u6211\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ecf\u8425\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\u3001\u80e1\u978d\u94a2\uff0c1993\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5434\u5fd7\u96c4\u3001\u6bd5\u7f8e\u5bb6\u7b49\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u8bba\u519c\u4e1a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5316\u7ecf\u8425\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u671b\uff0c2004\uff0c\u300a\u6751\u5e84\u53d1\u80b2\u3001\u6751\u5e84\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a2\u534e\uff0c2007\uff0c\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u8fc1\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u897f\u8fbe\u3002\u65af\u8003\u5207\u6ce2\uff0c2007\/1979\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u300b\uff0c\u4f55\u4fca\u5fd7\u3001\u738b\u5b66\u4e1c\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u718a\u4e07\u80dc\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u610f\u5916\u540e\u679c\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6768\u5176\u9759\u3001\u8042\u8f89\u534e\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6768\u677e\u534e\uff0c2004\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5174\u8870\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6768\u4f50\u7ecf\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c1993\uff0c\u300a\u4e34\u5ddd\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u3002\u9a6c\u5947\u3001\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u3002\u897f\u8499\uff0c2008\/1958\uff0c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b\uff0c\u90b5\u51b2\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6731\u94a2\u3001\u8d3e\u5eb7\u7b49\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u8d22\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\uff0c\u592a\u539f\uff1a\u5c71\u897f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u9759\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u2014\u2014\u4e61\u6751\u5236\u5ea6\u8bf8\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u4e50\u5929\uff0c2005\uff0c\u300a\u544a\u522b\u7406\u60f3\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u519b\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u4e3a\u800c\u5199\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e3a\u589e\u957f\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u683c\u81f4\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u519b\u3001\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u4e3a\u589e\u957f\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u683c\u81f4\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u6bc5\uff0c1990\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\uff1a\u8270\u8f9b\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u732e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u3001\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c1992\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u5173\u4e8e\u52a0\u5feb\u519c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u82e5\u5e72\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u519c\u6751\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u732e\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e74\u9274\uff1a1978\uff0d1987\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u519c\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e61\u9547\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e74\u9274\uff1a1991\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u519c\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u98de\u821f\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u6c72\u53d6\u578b\u653f\u6743\u5230\u201c\u60ac\u6d6e\u578b\u201d\u653f\u6743\u2014\u2014\u7a0e\u8d39\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u4f53\u5236\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u9ece\u5b89\uff0c2007\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u664b\u5347\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c7\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u5176\u4ec1\uff0c1996\uff0c\u300a\u5e02\u573a\u91cc\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u4e0e\u975e\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5408\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u96ea\u5149\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u96ea\u5149\u3001\u8d75\u4f1f\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

Cai \uff0cHongbin \uff06Daniel Treisman 2006\uff0c\u201cDid Government DecentralizationCause China \u2018s Economic Miracle\uff1f\u201dWorld Politics 58\uff084\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Li\uff0cLianjiang \uff06Kevin J.O\u2018Brien 1999\uff0c\u201cSelective Policy Implementationin Rural China.\u201dComparactive Politics 31\uff082\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Montinola \uff0cGabriella \uff0cYingyi Qian \uff06Barry R.Weingast 1995\uff0c\u201cFederalism\uff0cChinese Style \uff1aThe Political Basis for Economic Success in China.\u201dWorld Politics 48\uff081\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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