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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u63e1\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u8d44 \u6e90\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u738b\u91c7\u53d6\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u6240\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\u4e0e\u56fd\u738b\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u738b\u6743\u5e76\u5f7b\u5e95\u6e05\u9664\u5c01\u5efa\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6743\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u4ea7 \u9636\u7ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2460 \u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u897f\u6b27\u6253\u7834\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u897f\u6b27\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5730\u57df\u5206\u5272\u5411\u738b\u6743\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e13\u5236\u738b\u6743\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u9886\u571f\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u5f80\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n \u2461 \u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u751f\u3001\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u767b\u65af\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5173\u952e\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u5317\u6210\u3001\u9f9a\u6653\u5e84\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6 \u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u80e1\u5b97\u6cfd\u3001\u8d75\u529b\u6d9b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971998\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n \u2462 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u53c2\u89c1 Charles Tilly ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European State, AD990-1990, Blackwell publishers Ine, Cambridge University Press, 1990; Stein Pokken, \u201cCitys, State and Nations: A Dimensional Model for the Study of Contrasts in Development,\u201d in S. N. Eisenstadt and Stein Pokken eds., Building States and Nations, 2 Vols, Beverly Hills: sage, 1973\u3002<\/p>\n \u2463 Thomas Ertman, Birth of The Leviathan- Building states and Regimes in Medieval andearly Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 3-4\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u8482\u5229\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u300b\uff081884\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168 \u96c6\u300b\u7b2c21\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1b\u8bfa\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u4e9a\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u6587\u660e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e0b\u5377\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971999\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u5df4\u6797\u987f\u00b7\u6469\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b \u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e1987\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u65af\u79d1\u514b\u6ce2\uff1a\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9769 \u547d\u300b\uff0c\u6842\u51a0\u56fe\u4e66\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f81998\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u8d3e\u6069\u5f17\u5170\u79d1\u00b7\u6ce2\u9f50\uff1a\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861997\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u4e09\u8054 \u4e66\u5e971998\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u897f\u6b27\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6069\u683c\u65af\u7684\u6587 \u7ae0\u548c\u57c3\u91cc\u4e9a\u65af\u7684\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u300b\u4e0b\u5377\u66f4\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6709\u5173\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u3001\u97e6\u4f2f\u3001 \u57c3\u91cc\u4e9a\u65af\u3001\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u8d6b\u5179\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n \u2464 \u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u91cc\u5170\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5f6d\u6dee\u680b\u8bd1\uff0c\u6d77\u5357\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c316\u3001317\u3001321\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n \u2465 \u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u91cc\u5170\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5f6d\u6dee\u680b\u8bd1\uff0c\u6d77\u5357\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c316\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n \u2466 \u8d3e\u6069\u5f17\u5170\u79d1\u00b7\u6ce2\u9f50\uff1a\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c36\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n \u2467 \u8bfa\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u4e9a\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u6587\u660e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e0b\u5377\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c73\u3001103\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n \u2468 Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, p.73.<\/p>\n \u2469 \u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u5317\u6210\u3001\u9f9a\u6653\u5e84\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c17\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n (11) \u8bfa\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u6587\u660e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e0b\u5377\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c76\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n (12) \u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u5218\u5317\u6210\u3001\u674e\u5c11\u519b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c575\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n (13) \u8bfa\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u6587\u660e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e0b\u5377\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff1a1999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c226\u2014237\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n (14) Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1975, pp. 54-55.<\/p>\n (15) \u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c43\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n (16) Thomas Ertman, Birth of The Leviathan- Building states and Regimes in Medieval and early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 317.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u3010\u6458\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u2460 \u7684\u5174\u8d77\u662f\u897f\u6b27\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5173\u952e\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u662f\u4ece\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u6790\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7edd 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