{"id":4702,"date":"2015-10-18T23:15:08","date_gmt":"2015-09-16T23:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ideochina.com\/?p=103"},"modified":"2025-11-13T14:50:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T06:50:07","slug":"%e9%bb%84%e5%ae%97%e6%99%ba%e3%80%81%e9%ab%98%e5%8e%9f%ef%bc%9a%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e5%92%8c%e6%b3%95%e5%ad%a6%e5%ba%94%e8%af%a5%e6%a8%a1%e4%bb%bf%e8%87%aa%e7%84%b6%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/?p=4702","title":{"rendered":"\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\u3001\u9ad8\u539f\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u6a21\u4eff\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5417\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u3000\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3000\u6f14\u7ece\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u3000\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3000\u6709\u9650\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n

\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\uff1a\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u6821\u533a\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\uff08Philip C. C. Huang\uff0c Renmin University of China Law School\uff1b Department of History\uff0c University of California\uff0c Los Angeles\uff09\uff1b\u9ad8\u539f\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u519c\u6751\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u9662\uff08Gao Yuan\uff0c School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development\uff0c Renmin University of China\uff09<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

Abstract\uff1a This begins by pointing out the essential differences between the human world and the material world. The human world is full of subjectivity\uff0c dualities \uff08and multi-alities\uff09\uff0c and contingencies\uff0c and needs to be understood in terms of the interactions betweenthe subjective and the objective\uff0c dualities and the unitary\uff0c and the contingent and the necessary. But scientism – the belief that social science can discover universal and deterministic laws in the same way as natural science – still carries immense influence today\uff0c most evident in the \u201cformalist\u201d theoretical traditions of economics and jurisprudence. They have resorted mainly to deduction\uff0c even mathematicized logic modelled after the axiomatic system of Euclidian geometry\uff0c to the neglect of induction.Such an approach in fact violates the fundamental method of natural science\uff0c which maintains a close and organic working together of deduction and induction. This article argues that we should reject the formalist method and begin instead from induction based on empirical evidence\uff0c thence to apply deduction to draw out the logical implications and hypotheses\uff0c and then to return to the practical world to test the formulations\uff0c in an unending process\uff0c thereby to construct not universal and absolute laws\uff0c but theories and insights with delimited empirical conditions and boundaries.<\/p>\n

Keywords\uff1aformalist theory\uff0c history\uff0c deduction and induction\uff0c new institutional economics\uff0c delimited theories<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u9879\u4e0d\u540c\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8be5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6a21\u4eff\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6f14\u7ece\u4e0e\u5f52\u7eb3<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4eca\u5929\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\uff08\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u201c\u786c\u201d\u7684\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e \u5b66\u548c\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8981\u6c42\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ece\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u7406\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u63a8\u7406\u6765\u8868\u8ff0\u548c\u201c\u8bc1\u660e\u201d\u3002\u800c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5219\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u50cf\u97e6\u4f2f\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u628a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u5b8c\u5168\u6574\u5408\u4e8e\u6f14\u7ece \uff0f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u6b63\u7edf\u201d\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08Christopher Columbus Langdell\uff0c1870\u5e74\u20141895\u5e74\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff09\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u628a\u6cd5\u5b66\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u6cd5\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u4ece\u51e0\u4e2a\u201c\u516c \u7406\u201d\uff08axioms\uff09\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u51ed\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u771f\u786e\u666e\u9002\u7684\u5b9a\u7406\uff08theorems\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4ece\u6848\u4f8b\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u4f17\u591a\u6848\u4f8b \u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51ed\u501f\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u6765\u4ece\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6d3d\u548c\u666e\u9002\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6cd5\u5219\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u2464\uff08\u89c1Langdell\uff0c 1880\uff1a1-20\u5173\u4e8e\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff09\u7531\u6b64\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u6b63\u7edf\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u666e\u904d\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u628a\u6cd5\u5b66\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u201d\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u7684 \u5f71\u54cd\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u5e7f\u6cdb\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u2014\u2014\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u201d\u5b66\u4f4d\uff08J. S. D.\uff0c Doctor of Juridical Science\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5404\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u518d\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u745e\u683c\u91cc\uff08E. Anthony Wrigley\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ece\u6709\u673a\u80fd\u6e90\u5982\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u755c\u529b\u5230\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u77ff\u7269\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u201d\uff08mineral- based energy\uff0c\u5982\u7164\u70ad\uff09\u3002\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53d8\u5316\u662f\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6240\u4ea7\u80fd\u6e90\u6269\u589e\u4e86\u8bb8\u8bb8\u591a\u591a\u500d\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ff\u5de5\u4e00\u5e74\u80fd\u591f\u6316\u6398200\u5428\u7684\u7164\u70ad\uff09\u3002 \uff08Wrigley\uff0c1988\uff1a77\uff1b\u4ea6\u89c1\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\uff1a\u603b\u5e8f\uff09\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u5176\u6d1e\u89c1\u5728\u4e8e\u6e05\u6670\u6709\u529b\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95f4 \u7684\u5173\u952e\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u5728\u666e\u904d\u63f4\u7528\u6e90\u81ea\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff08\u6709\u9650\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\uff08\u6237\u7c4d\uff09\u519c\u6c11\u4ecd\u7136\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u5bb6\u5ead\u519c\u573a \u4ecd\u7136\u5360\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6700\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u745e\u683c\u91cc\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5730\u529b\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u5176\u5b9e\u548c\u4eba\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u6709\u673a \u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u5728\u5176\u6240\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3002\uff08\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\uff1a\u603b\u5e8f\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u65e9\u5df2\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u524d\u4e8e\u5176\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5176 \u4e2d\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u521b\u65b0\u90fd\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u8bba\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u4e3e\u4e16\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u663e\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u6211\u4eec\u9700 \u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5bf9\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u8fdb\u884c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u97e6\u4f2f\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u521b\u5efa\u7b26\u5408\u81ea\u8eab\u56fd\u60c5\u7684 \u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u9053\u8def\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u3002\uff08\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014c\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c1\u5377\uff1a\u603b\u5e8f\uff09<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u8ba4\u77e5\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5176\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u9645\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u6027\u201d\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u95f4\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6 \u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\uff08\u4f46\u7edd\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9632\u5fa1\u5916\u6765\u6743\u52bf\u4fb5\u5165\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u540c \u4e8e\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u666e\u9002\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u660e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b80\u5355\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6e05\u695a\u533a\u5206\u97e6\u4f2f\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u5176\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u5199\u7167\u6216\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u6307\u793a\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u54c8\u8036\u514b \uff08Friedrich A. von Hayek\uff09\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u4f1a\u628a\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u5efa\u6784\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u628a\u6570\u5b66\u5316\uff0f\u7b80\u5355\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u628a\u771f\u5b9e \u4e16\u754c\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\uff08Hayek\uff0c 1980\uff3b1948\uff3d\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ea6\u89c1\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3001\u7b2c4\u7ae0\uff09\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u628a\u63e1\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u518d\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u7ecf \u6d4e\u5b66\u79d1\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u88ab\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u5236\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u5b66\u79d1\u8bad\u7ec3\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8212\u5c14\u8328\u4fbf\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u540c \u6837\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5e76\u540c\u6837\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u628a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u552f\u4e00\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6f14\u7ece\u4e0e\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\uff08Charles Sanders Peirce\uff0c 1839\u20141914\uff09\u2468\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5341\u5206\u60ef\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u5176\u5b9e\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f52\u7eb3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u51ed\u501f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7403\u90fd \u662f\u540c\u4e00\u58f6\u91cc\u7684\u7403\uff0c\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u6b64\u58f6\u91cc\u7684\u7403\u90fd\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u58f6\u91cc\u62ff\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7403\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u5728\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec \u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u58f6\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7403\u90fd\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ece\u58f6\u91cc\u62ff\uff08\u62bd\u6837\uff09\u51fa\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u7403\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u6d4b\u58f6\u91cc\u7684\u7403\u591a\u534a\u5168\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f52\u7eb3\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08\u51e0 \u7387\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u800c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u7403\uff0c\u5e76\u77e5\u9053\u65c1\u8fb9\u58f6\u91cc\u7684\u7403\u5168\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u51ed\u6b64\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7403\u591a\u534a\u662f\u4ece\u8be5\u58f6\u91cc\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c \u90a3\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6f14\u7ece\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5f52\u7eb3\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ea2\u7403\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53e6\u6709\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u2469\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u731c\u6d4b\u7b49\u4e8e \u662f\u4e2a\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u6765\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u5047\u8bbe\u800c\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u731c\u6d4b\u79f0\u4f5c\u201cabduction\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5c1a\u5f85\u7cbe\u786e\u5316\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\uff08induction\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\uff08deduction\uff09\u3002\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528 \u7684\u7406\u6027\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u533b\u5b66\u8bca\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8bbe\u7f6e\u521d\u6b65\u201c\u5047\u8bbe\u201d\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\u4e43\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e \u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u5b9e\u8bc1\u3002\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\uff08scientific method\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u5e76\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u300211<\/p>\n

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\u6b64\u4e66\u5f15\u8d77\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8f70\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u8ba1\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5f3a\u52b2\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8ba1\u91cf\u7814 \u7a76\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u5a01\u529b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u524d\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u8428\u9ed8\u65af\uff08Lawrence H. Summers\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u76ae\u514b\u8fea\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8d8b\u52bf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u201c\u503c\u5f97\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u201d\uff08a Nobel Prize-worthy contribution\uff09\u3002\uff08Summers\uff0c2014\uff09\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u76ae\u514b\u8fea\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u52a0\u601d\u7d22\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3b\u6d41\u201c\u6743 \u5a01\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u5411\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e00 \u6b65\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6765\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3001\u6f14\u7ece\u4e0e\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u57281905\u5e74\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff08Albert Einstein\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u6b64\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e3b\u6d41\u5c06\u5149\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u771f\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5149\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14 \u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a\u4efb\u610f\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8d28\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c34\u3001\u91d1\u5c5e\u3001\u7a7a\u6c14\u7b49\uff09\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8d28\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7531\u5927\u91cf\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u8be5\u7269\u4f53\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u603b\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5219\u662f \u6784\u6210\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u52a0\u603b\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u65e0\u9650\u7ec6\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5149\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5149\u7684\u884d\u5c04\u548c\u6563\u5c04\u3002 \uff08Einstein\uff0c 1998\uff3b1905\uff3d\uff1a177-178\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fdb \u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9ed1\u4f53\u8f90\u5c0413\u4e0e\u5149\u7535\u6548\u5e9414\uff0c\u5374\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5149\u6ce2\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u9ed1\u4f53\u8f90\u5c04\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u6e90\u5411\u5916\u6563\u53d1\u7684\u5149\u675f\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u662f\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3002\u5149\u7535\u6548 \u5e94\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5149\u4e0e\u91d1\u5c5e\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u9012\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3002\uff08\u8482\u5c14\uff3bDear\uff3d\uff0c2006\uff1a142-143\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766 \u63d0\u51fa\u5c06\u5149\u540c\u6837\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5355\u5143\u2014\u2014\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u300215\u7531\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u7406\u800c\u77e5\uff0c\u5149\u5728\u8f90\u5c04\u548c\u4f20\u9012\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4e5f \u662f\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u800c\u975e\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u9ed1\u4f53\u8f90\u5c04\u4e0e\u5149\u7535\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u6765 \u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6fc0\u5149\u3001\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u548c\u5149\u7ea4\u901a\u4fe1\u7b49\u8d56\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u652f\u67f1\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002\u5b83\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u8ba8\u8bba \u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\u52a0\u4e0a\u6f14\u7ece\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u523a\u6fc0\u548c\u652f\u6491\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u652f\u914d\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u9769\u547d\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u4e4e\u4eba\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6709\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4eba\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u590d\u5236\u6307\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u5e26\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6311\u6218\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4f59\u5730\u6765\u575a\u6301\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c \u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u4e48\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5f52\u7eb3\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b9e\u9645\u5c1a\u672a\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7406\u8bba \u60ef\u5e38\u501f\u52a9\u201c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u201d\uff08counter-factual reasoning\uff09\u6765\u536b\u62a4\u5176\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e00\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5e02\u573a\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5448\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5177\u5907\u66f4\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u4fbf\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u66f4\u50cf\u7406\u8bba\u8bbe\u5b9a \u90a3\u6837\u66f4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u89c1\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c1993\uff3b1991\uff3d\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c \u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u5371\u673a\u2014\u2014\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5f53\u7136\u662f1929\u5e74\u81f31933\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8427\u6761\u4ee5\u53ca2008\u5e74\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6d77\u5578\uff0c\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u9884 \u6d4b\u5230\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u8fdd\u53cd\u5176\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u660e\u786e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf \u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u7565\u4f5c\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u8865\u5145\u800c\u5377\u571f\u91cd\u6765\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u4ee5\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5360\u636e\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u2014\u5170\u5fb7 \u5c14\u578b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4f17\u591a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u4f20\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u6279\u5224\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u4e00\u518d\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u6311\u6218\u5176\u666e \u9002\u610f\u56fe\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51ed\u501f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5f3a\u52bf\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\uff08\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bba\u6790\u89c1\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014a\uff09<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ed8\u987f\uff08Robert K. Merton\uff09\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e2d\u5c42\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u4e2d\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u666e\u904d\u8bd5\u56fe\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u9ed8\u987f\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\uff08\u5173\u4e4e\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\uff09\u7406\u8bba \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u4e89\u6267\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u5c42\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u5219\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u3002 \uff08Merton\uff0c1968\uff1a\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u8def\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4ea4\u642d\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9996\u5148\u662f\uff0c\u9ed8\u987f\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u5021\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u5230\u6982\u62ec\u518d\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u8def\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u63a2\u8ba8\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77 \u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u65c1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u6700\u7ec8\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51ed\u501f\u4f17\u591a\u4e2d\u5c42\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u201c\u5de9\u56fa\u201d \uff08consolidate\uff09\u800c\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u5168\u9762\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u5efa\u6811\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0f\u7406\u8bba\u3002\uff08Merton\uff0c1968\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5219 \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4fbf\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u4eba\u95f4\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u591a\u5143\u3001\u6096\u8bba\u3001\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u7edd\u5bf9\u5316\u666e\u9002\u7406\u8bba\uff0f\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f \u5b8c\u5168\u62d2\u7edd\u666e\u9002\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6392\u9664\u5176\u7edd\u5bf9\u5316\u548c\u666e\u9002\u5316\u9a71\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5176\u5f53\u4f5c\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1 \u7684\u6709\u9650\u9002\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7528\u610f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u5b8c\u5168\u62d2\u7edd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u539f\u5148\uff08\u5728\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316 \u548c\u666e\u9002\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\uff09\u591a\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u5938\u5927\u7684\u5305\u88c5\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5176\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f53\u4f5c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u3001\u5168\u9762\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5982 \u679c\u9002\u5f53\u914d\u5408\u5bf9\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u7684\u975e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff1a\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4ea4\u950b\u70b9\u6765\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u50cf\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u6781\u5176\u5bbd\u9614\u7684 \u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4f1a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u62d3\u5bbd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e0a\u79d1\u65af\uff08Ronald H. Coase\uff09\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u7cbe\u8f9f\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\uff08\u5fae\u89c2\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u6781\u5c11\u8003\u8651\u5230\u201c\u516c\u53f8\u201d\uff08firm\uff09\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u4ef7\u683c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e \u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u5316\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9010\u5229\u4f53\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u201c\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u201d\u7279\u522b\u5173\u952e\u2014\u2014\u8bf8\u5982\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u4ea4\u6d89\u3001\u5408\u540c\u3001\u6267\u884c\u3001 \u9a8c\u6536\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u51b3\u7ea0\u7eb7\u7b49\u5728\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\u6240\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6df7\u4e71\u800c\u5176\u6210\u672c\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6602\u8d35\u3002\u79d1\u65af\u7531\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a \u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u8981\u505a\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4f1a\u501f\u52a9\u6269\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5176\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u53d8\u6210\u5927\u4e8e\u51ed\u501f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5408 \u540c\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u79d1\u65af\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u4ed621\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4fbf\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u8f6e\u5ed3\uff09\u539f\u672c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6839\u636e\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u3002 \uff08Coase\uff0c 1988\uff0c1991\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u79d1\u65af\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u8bfa\u65af\uff08Douglass C. North\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u662f\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u914d\u7f6e\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u8865\u5145\uff1a\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5927\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1 \u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\uff08\u201c\u9ad8\u6548\u201d\uff09\u7684\u4ea7\u6743\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6fc0\u52b1\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u624d\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u65b0\u53e4 \u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\uff08North\uff0c 1981\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3001\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff1b\u4ea6\u89c1North\uff0c 1990\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c13\u7ae0\uff09\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u6839\u636e\uff08\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

1997\u5e74\uff0c\u8bfa\u65af\u4e0e\u79d1\u65af\u5171\u540c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u793e\u201d\uff08International Society for New Institutional Economics\uff09\u3002\uff08North\uff0c1993\uff0c Addendum\uff0c2005\uff09\u5728\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u91d1\u8c61\u5f81\u8d44\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u79c1\u6709\uff09\u4ea7\u6743\uff08\u624d\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u521b\u65b0\uff09\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5176\u666e \u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6b20\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8bfa\u65af\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u8eab\u4e8e\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fa7\u91cd\u7279\u6b8a\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42 \u89e3\u91ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u4e0d\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u666e\u9002\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u5f8b\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u539f\u5148\u7684\uff08\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u3001\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\uff09\u6d1e\u89c1\u5efa\u6784\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85 \u8d8a\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5173\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u5206\u6790\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u4ea7\u6743\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u662f\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u5728 \u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u53d6\u4ee3\u4f4e\u6548\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u72ec\u88c1\u3001\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u59a8\u788d\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u3002 \uff08North\uff0c1993\uff1bNorth\uff0c1981\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8bba\u8ff0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u548c\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u53ef\u6349\u6478\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u5176\u5b9e\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u51ed\u501f \u5176\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\uff08\u867d\u7136\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5c1a\u5f85\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6210\u529f\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6b20\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u548c\u8212\u5c14\u8328\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u8ff0\u6210\u4e3a \u4e00\u79cd\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u5176\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u7ec8\u5176\u5b9e\u540c\u6837\u662f\u524d\u63d0\u5148\u884c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6f14\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

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*\u672c\u6587\u539f\u7a3f\u7531\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\u8d1f\u8d23\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u9ad8\u539f\uff08\u83b7\u5f97\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\u8f6c\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u5171\u540c\u4fee\u6539\u5199\u6210\u3002\u611f\u8c22\u767d\u51ef\u3001\u8d56\u9a8f\u6960\u3001\u5f6d\u7389\u751f\u3001\u4f59\u76db\u5cf0\u548c\u5f20\u5bb6\u708e\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5d14\u4e4b\u5143\uff0c2014\uff0c\u300a\u300821\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u3009\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u573a\u8bba\u201d\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u77e5\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c56\u201463\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c\u5f85\u520a\uff0c\u300a\u8fde\u63a5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2015\uff0c\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c75\u201494\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014a\uff0c\u300a\u3008\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6cd5\u53f2\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7406\u3009\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\u3001\u5c24\u9648\u4fca\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6cd5\u53f2\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014b\uff0c\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u8fc1\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u300b\u4e09\u5377\u672c\uff08\u589e\u8ba2\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c3\u5377\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014c\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u6c11\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\u4e09\u5377\u672c\uff08\u589e\u8ba2\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2012\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u8425\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u7b2c9\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c8\u201433\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2010\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u542b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u7b2c10\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c134\u2014158\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2003\uff081995\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u519c\u6751\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u571f\u6539\u5230\u6587\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6027\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u73b0\u5b9e\u300b\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e8e1995\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e61\u6751\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c2\u8f91\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u7b2c66\u201495\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4 \u5b97\u667a\uff0c2000\uff081993\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5371\u673a\u2014\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u73b0\u8c61\u300b\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e8e1991\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff1a\u300a\u957f\u6c5f\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5c0f\u519c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u4e61\u6751 \u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c402000\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u6b64\u6587\u7684\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5371\u673a\u300b\u4e3a\u6807\u9898\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u300b1993\u5e74\u7b2c1 \u671f\uff0c\u7b2c42\u201460\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\u3001\u9f9a\u4e3a\u7eb2\u3001\u9ad8\u539f\uff0c2014\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u201d\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u679c\u662f\u201c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c148\u2014159\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d56\u9a8f\u6960\uff0c2015\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u5bb6\u4ea7\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u201d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u53ca\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c95\u2014107\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d56\u9a8f\u6960\uff0c2014\uff0c\u300a\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff1a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\u3001\u5c24\u9648\u4fca\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6cd5\u53f2\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c323\u2014359\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5929\u5219\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c2011\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u8868\u73b0\u4e0e\u6539\u9769<\/p>\n

\uff08\u6700\u65b0\u4fee\u8ba2\u7a3f\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk\/PaperCollection\/Details.aspx<\/p>\n

?id=8067\u3002<\/p>\n

Bohm\uff0c D.\uff0c 1971\uff081957\uff09\uff0c Causality and Chance in Modern Physics\uff0c Philadelphia\uff1a University of Pennsylvania Press.<\/p>\n

Boserup\uff0c Ester\uff0c 1965\uff0c The Conditions of Agricultural Growth\uff1a The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure\uff0c Chicago\uff1a Aldine.<\/p>\n

Braginsky\uff0c V. B.\uff0c and F. Y. Khalili\uff0c 1992\uff0c Quantum Measurement\uff0c Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Burch\uff0c Robert\uff0c 2014\uff0c \u201cCharles Sanders Peirce\uff0c\u201d in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\uff0chttp:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/peirce\/.<\/p>\n

Chayanov\uff0c A. V.\uff0c 1986\uff081925\uff09\uff0c The Theory of Peasant Economy\uff0c Madison\uff1a University of Wisconsin Press.<\/p>\n

Coase\uff0c R. H.\uff0c 1988\uff081990\uff09\uff0c The Firm\uff0c the Market and the Law\uff0c University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Coase\uff0c R. H.\uff0c 1991\uff0c \u201c\uff08Nobel\uff09 Prize Lecture\uff0c\u201d http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org.<\/p>\n

Cohen\uff0c I. B.\uff0c 2002\uff0c \u201cNewton\u2019s Concepts of Force and Mass\uff0c with Notes on the Laws of Motion\uff0c\u201d in Cohen and Smith \uff08eds.\uff09\uff0c The Cambridge Companion to Newton\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2002\uff0c pp. 57-84.<\/p>\n

Cohen\uff0c I. B. and G. E. Smith \uff08eds.\uff09\uff0c 2002\uff0c The Cambridge Companion to Newton\uff0c Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Dear\uff0c P.\uff0c 2006\uff0c The Intelligibility of Nature\uff1a How Science Makes Sense of the World\uff0c University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Douven\uff0c Igor.\uff0c 2011\uff0c \u201cAbduction\uff0c\u201d Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\uff0c http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/abduction\/.<\/p>\n

Einstein\uff0c 1998 \uff081905\uff09\uff0c \u201cOn a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light\uff0c\u201d in Stachel \uff08ed.\uff09\uff0c Einstein\u2019s Miraculous Year\uff0c Princeton University Press\uff0c 1998\uff0c pp. 177-197.<\/p>\n

Grey\uff0c Thomas C.\uff0c Formalism and Pragmatism in American Law\uff0c Leiden\uff1a E. J. Brill.<\/p>\n

Hayek\uff0c F. A.\uff0c 1980 \uff081948\uff09\uff0c Individualism and Economic Order\uff0c University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Heath\uff0c T. L. \uff08ed.\uff09\uff0c 1908\uff0c The Thirteen Books of Euclid\u2019s Elements\uff0c Vol. 1\uff0c Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Kuhn\uff0c Thomas S.\uff0c 1970 \uff081962\uff09\uff0c The Structure of Scientific Revolutions\uff0c 2nd ed\uff0c University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Langdell\uff0c C. C.\uff0c 1880\uff0c A Summary of the Law of Contracts\uff0c Boston\uff1a Little\uff0c Brown\uff0c and Company.<\/p>\n

Lindberg\uff0c D. C.\uff0c 1992\uff0c The Beginnings of Western Science\uff1a the European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical\uff0c Religious\uff0c and Institutional Context\uff0c Prehistory to AD 1450\uff0c University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Merton\uff0c Robert K.\uff0c 1968\uff0c Social Theory and Social Structure\uff0c Enlarged edition\uff0c New York\uff1a The Free Press.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Neill\uff0c Onora\uff0c 1996\uff0c Towards Justice and Virtue\uff1a A constructive account of practical reasoning\uff0cCambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

North\uff0c Douglass C.\uff0c 1981\uff0c Structure and Change in Economic History\uff0c New York\uff1a W. W. Norton.<\/p>\n

North Douglass C.\uff0c 1990\uff0c Institutions\uff0c Institutional Change and Economic Performance\uff0c Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

North\uff0c Douglass C.\uff0c 1993\uff0c \u201cDouglass C. North – Biographical\uff0c\u201d http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/economic-sciences\/laureates\/1993 \/north-bio.html\uff0c accessed October 2014.<\/p>\n

Peirce\uff0c Charles Sanders\uff0c 1998\uff0c The Essential Peirce\uff1a Selected Philosophical Writings\uff0c v. II \uff081893-1913\uff09\uff0c Bloomington IN\uff1a Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n

Perkins\uff0c Dwight H.\uff0c 1969\uff0c \u00a0Agricultural Development in China\uff0c 1368-1968\uff0c Chicago\uff1a Aldine.<\/p>\n

Piketty\uff0c Thomas C.\uff0c 2014\uff0c Capital in the Twenty-first Century\uff0c trans. by Arthur Goldhammer\uff0c Cambridge\uff1a Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

Schultz\uff0c Theodore\uff0c 1964\uff0c Transforming Traditional Agriculture\uff0c New Haven\uff0c Conn.\uff1a Yale University Press.<\/p>\n

Stachel\uff0c J. \uff08ed.\uff09\uff0c 1998\uff0c Einstein\u2019s \u00a0Miraculous Year\uff0c Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

Summers\uff0c Lawrence H.\uff0c 2014\uff0c \u201cThe Inequality Puzzle\uff1a Piketty Book Review\uff0c\u201d http:\/\/larrysummers.com\/2014\/05\/14\/piketty-book-review-the-inequality-puzzle\/.<\/p>\n

von Wright\uff0c G. H.\uff0c 1971\uff0c Explanation and Understanding\uff0c London\uff1a Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/p>\n

Weber\uff0c Max\uff0c 1978 \uff081968\uff09\uff0c Economy and Society\uff1a An Outline of Interpretive Sociology\uff0c Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich \uff08eds.\uff09\uff0c trans. by Ephraim Fischoff et al.\uff0c 2 vols\uff0c Berkeley\uff1a University of California Press.<\/p>\n

Wrigley\uff0c E. Anthony\uff0c 1988\uff0c Continuity\uff0c Chance and Change\uff1a The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England\uff0c Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011
\n\u2460\u5bf9\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u53ca\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u6d01\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Bohm\uff0c 1971\uff081957\uff09\uff1a34-35\u3002
\n\u2461\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u53ca\u8be5\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Braginsky and Khalili\uff0c 1992\uff1a2-11\u3002
\n\u2462\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u201c\u89c4\u8303\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u660e\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1Dear\uff0c 2006\uff1a142-148\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u7d22\u3002
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\n\u2464\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u5176\u5b9e\u8457\u4f5c\u6781\u5c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4ed6\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u80fd\u9610\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662fLangdell\uff0c1880\uff1a1-20\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u4e66\u6240\u9009\u7f16\u7684\u5408\u540c\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5bfc\u8bba\u3002\u4ea6\u89c1Grey\uff082014\uff1a\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u5206\u6790\u3002
\n\u2465\u8fd9\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u89c1\u9ec4\u5b97\u667a\uff0c2014c\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\uff1a\u7b2c8\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ea6\u89c1\u7b2c3\u5377\uff1a\u7b2c8\u7ae0\u3002
\n\u2466\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u516c\u8bbe\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Heath\uff0c 1908\uff1a153-155\u3002
\n\u2467\u6b64\u5b9a\u7406\u662f\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u300a\u51e0\u4f55\u539f\u672c\u300b\uff08Euclid\u2019s Elements\uff09\u7b2c1\u5377\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c47\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u8bc1\u660e\u53c2\u89c1Heath\uff0c 1908\uff1a349-350\u3002
\n\u2468\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08William James\uff09\u3001\u675c\u5a01\uff08John Dewey\uff09\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u662f\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u675c\u5a01\u5219\u66fe\u5e08\u4ece\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u4ecb\u7ecd\u662fBurch\uff0c 2014\u3002
\n\u2469\u8fd9\u662fBurch\uff082014\uff09\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u6027\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002
\n11 \u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u89c1Peirce\uff0c 1998\uff1a\u7b2c16\u7ae0\uff08\u5373\u51761903\u5e74\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u8bb2\u89e3\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u8bb2\uff09\u3002\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u8457\u4f5c\u6781\u591a\uff0c\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7ea6\u6709\u4e00\u4e07\u4e8c\u5343\uff08\u5370\u5237\uff09\u9875\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u7ea6\u516b\u4e07\u9875\u672a\u66fe\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca \u9762\u6781\u5e7f\uff0c\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff08\u5176\u5168\u96c6\u5c1a\u5728\u6574\u7406\u548c\u9646\u7eed\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u5e26\u6709\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u201c\u521d\u7a3f\u201d\u6c14\u5473\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u6709\u70b9\u6666\u6da9\uff0c\u601d\u8def \u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5927\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\uff09\u7684\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u5b9e\u7528\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6bd4\u8f83\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d \u6700\u5177\u6709\u521b\u89c1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002
\n12\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7ea0\u7ed3\u4e8e\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u76ae\u5c14\u65af\u5173\u4e4e\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u201c\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u5b9a\u7406\u201d \u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u5408\u7406\u5047\u8bbe\u5230\u786e\u5b9a\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u628a\u5408\u7406\u731c\u6d4b\uff08abduction\uff09\u6539\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u4f73\u63a8\u7406\u201d\uff08inference to the best explanation\uff09\u3002\uff08Douven\uff0c 2011\uff09\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u7528\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6240\u5e94\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4eba\u95f4\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002
\n13\u9ed1\u4f53\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u5438\u6536\u800c\u4e0d\u53cd\u5c04\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u6765\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u7269\u4f53\u4ecd\u4f1a\u5411\u5916\u6563\u53d1\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u4f53\u8f90\u5c04\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8be5\u7269\u4f53\uff08\u9ed1\u4f53\uff09\u5411\u5916\u8f90\u5c04\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6392\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e76\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u8be5\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5916\u6765\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u5411\u5916\u754c\u8f90\u5c04\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002
\n14\u5149\u7535\u6548\u5e94\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5149\u7167\u5c04\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u6fc0\u53d1\u51fa\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002
\n15\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u8be5\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\u90e8\u5206\uff08Einstein\uff0c 1998\uff3b1905\uff3d\uff1a177-178\uff09\u3002
\n16\u8fd9\u662f\u9093\u6653\u8292\uff082009\uff1a6\uff09\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002
\n17O\u2019Neill\uff081996\uff09\u4e00\u6587\u662f\u5173\u4e4e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u601d\u60f3\u7279\u522b\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u6709\u89c1\u5730\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n

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