\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e00\u89c8\u4f17\u5c71\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd \u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8f89\u714c\u8f6c\u77ac\u5373\u901d\uff0c \u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u96be\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u7684\u6ce5\u6cbc\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5076\u50cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u5728\u6b65\u5165\u9ec4\u660f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684 \u5224\u65ad\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u60b2\u89c2\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u601d\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u53cd\u601d\u9009\u4e3e\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u5bfb\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u5bb9\u7eb3\u666e\u7f57\u5927\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u771f\u6c11\u4e3b \u00a0 \u9009\u4e3e\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b \u00a0 \u62bd\u9009\u6c11\u4e3b \u00a0 \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5371\u673a<\/p>\n
\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\uff1a\u6b27\u6811\u519b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb<\/p>\n
\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
Abstract\uff1a In the past quarter of the century\uff0c democracy has won the day\uff0c with most countries in the world claiming themselves to be democracies. However\uff0c the glory is fleeting. In exactly the same period of time\uff0c the advancing step of western democracy starts faltering\uff0c and its theory is being challenged in an unprecedented way. The idol of democracy is entering into twilight\uff0c surrounded by more and more pessimistic views. Theorists of democracy have now started to reflect on the inherent deficiencies of representational democracy\uff0c rethink electoral democracy\uff0c and seek to return to real democracy by exploring various institutions that can involve the participation of the populace.<\/p>\n
Keywords\uff1areal democracy\uff0c electoral democracy\uff0c sortitive democracy\uff0c crisis of democracy<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u597d\u70b9\u2026\u2026\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9001\u5230\u4f60\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6\u53bb\uff01\u2460<\/p>\n
\u5728 \u53d1\u8fbe\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u201c\u9009\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u50cf\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u798f\u5c71\u3001\u6c64\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u8fa9\u62a4\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65f6\u663e\u5f97\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\u3002\u66f4\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5219\u5f00 \u59cb\u8df3\u51fa\u9009\u4e3b\u6846\u6846\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6c11\u4e3b\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u9009\u4e3b\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd8\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u3001\u66f4\u53ef\u884c\u7684 \u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u2014\u2014\u738b\u7ecd\u5149<\/p>\n
\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c29\u4f4d\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u5bf920\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u6c11 \u4e3b\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u6240\u906d\u9047\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5371\u673a\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u9009\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5b66\u7406\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u679c \u6c47\u96c6\u621012\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6536\u5f55\u5728\u7531\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\u4e3b\u7f16\u3001\u6b27\u6811\u519b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u201c\u771f\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff08real democracy\uff09\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u897f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b65\u5165\u6ce5\u6cbc<\/strong><\/p>\n \u5f53 \u771f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u8fce\u63a521\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e86\uff0c1989\u20141992\u5e74\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u65e7\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3002\u5728\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u798f\u5c71\uff08Francis Fukuyama\uff09\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\u201d\u91cc\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u597d\u4e14\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u53cd\u601d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b \u63a8\u624b\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\uff08Thomas Carothers\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8f6c\u578b\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u601d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u2461\u800c\u4e14\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u652f\u914d\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n \u5341 \u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u201c\u8f6c\u578b\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u201d\u3002\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\uff1a\u62c9\u7f8e20\u4e2a\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u548c\u524d\u82cf\u805425\u4e2a\u3001\u6b21\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u975e\u6d3230\u4e2a\u3001 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state\uff09\u3002\u2462\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u5982\u6b64\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5f88\u5feb\u53c8\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u201c\u989c\u8272\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5185\u5916\u8054\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u62c9\u952f\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n \u77ed \u77ed\u4e94\u516d\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e4b\u6625\u201d\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\uff0c2009\u5e74\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u53d1\u751f\u9009\u4e3e\u5c60\u6740\u60e8\u6848\u30022013\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca \u603b\u7edf\u7a46\u5c14\u897f\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u82f1\u62c9\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u603b\u7edf\u4e9a\u52aa\u79d1\u7ef4\u5947\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u76f8\u7ee7\u88ab\u8857\u5934\u8fd0\u52a8\u62c9\u4e0b\u9a6c\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5374\u662f\u519b\u4eba\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u5be1\u5934\u653f\u5e9c\u5f97\u4ee5\u91cd\u5efa\u30022014\u5e74 9\u6708\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u56fd\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u9996\u957f\u76f4\u9009\u3002\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u671f\u90fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u5371\u673a\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c2011\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u5360\u9886 \u534e\u5c14\u8857\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u4e5f\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u8001\u724c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d8\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6797\u80af\u8bf4\u7684\u201cof the people\uff0cby the people\uff0cfor the people\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u65af\u8482\u683c\u5229\u8328\uff08Joseph Eugene Stiglitz\uff09\u8bf4\u7684\u201cof the 1\uff05\uff0cby the 1\uff05\uff0cfor the 1\uff05\u201d\u30021\uff05\u7684\u5bcc\u4eba\u52ab\u6301\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u628a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u91d1\u878d\u5be1\u5934\u4e13\u5236\uff08financial despotism\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u91d1\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\uff08Plutocracy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n \u9664\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u60b2 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McCormick\uff09\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u5e0c\u91d1\uff08Jams Fishkin\uff09\u3001\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u7279\u91d1\uff08Hanna Fenichel Pitkin\uff09\u3001\u62c9\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08Lani Guinier\uff09\u3001\u8c22\u5c14\u767b\u00b7\u6c83\u6797\uff08Sheldon Wolin\uff09\u3001\u83ab\u6069\u65af\u00b7\u6c49\u68ee\uff08Mogens Herman Hansen\uff09\u3001\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\uff08Richard Snyder\uff09\u3001\u535a\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u5766\uff08Bo Rothstein\uff09\u3001\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u66fc\u5b81\uff08Bernard Manin\uff09\u548c\u7eb3\u8fea\u4e9a\u00b7\u4e4c\u5bbe\u7b2c\uff08Nadia 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Democracy\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u4f17\u5236\u7ea6\u5bcc\u88d5\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u975e\u9009\u4e3e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6df7\u5408\u62bd\u7b7e\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b98\u5458\u4efb\u547d\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u5b98\u804c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6392\u65a5\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u8d44\u683c\u9650\u5236\uff0c \u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u5904\u7406\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u63a7\u8bc9\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6765\u62ef\u6551\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u300221<\/p>\n \u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u5e0c\u91d1\u3001\u5e03\u9c81 \u65af\u00b7 \u963f\u514b\u66fc\uff08Bruce Ackerman\uff09\u548c\u5361\u65af\u00b7\u6851\u65af\u5766\uff08Cass Suntain\uff09\u628a\u5e0c\u671b\u5bc4\u6258\u5728\u590d\u5174\u201c\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4e0a\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u91d1\u7248\u7684\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u62bd\u7b7e\u968f\u673a\u62bd\u6837\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e34\u65f6\u534f\u5546\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u91cd\u8981\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u7968\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3 \u679c\u3002\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bba\u628a\u534f\u5546\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u534f\u5546\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6765\u590d\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u534f\u5546\u672c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7 \u83b1\u897f\u683c\uff08Lawrence Lessig\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5238\u201d\uff08democracy vouchers\uff09\u548c\u62bd\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5927\u4f1a\uff08constitutional convention selected by sortition\uff09\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u83b1\u897f\u683c\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u81ed\u76ae\u5320\u771f\u7684\u62b5\u5f97\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae\u5417\uff1f\u76f8\u4fe1\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u7cbe\u82f1\uff1f\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u5565\uff01 \u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u51fa\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff1f22\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u5883\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e0e\u751f\u673a\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7fa4\u4f17\u773c\u775b\u96ea\u4eae\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u592a \u8fc7\u501a\u91cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c24\u62c9\u59c6\u00b7\u76d6\u7279\uff08Yoram Gat\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4e8e\u7528\u201c\u62bd\u9009\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u3001\u62bd\u9009\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff08Lottocracy\uff0923\u6216\u968f\u673a\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08Randomocracy\uff09\u77eb\u6b63\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4 \u4e3a\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u81ea\u8eab\u957f\u8fdc\u798f\u7949\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u62bd\u9009\uff08sortition or selection by lot\uff09\u66f4\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u62bd\u9009\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u7684\u3002\u62bd\u9009\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u653e\u5f03\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u5207\u65ad\u91d1\u94b1\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5 \u9694\u79bb\u4e24\u6781\u5316\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u5fe0\u8bda\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u8ba9\u8bae\u4f1a\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u8ba9\u653f\u5ba2\u4e0d\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u64cd\u63a7\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u4f17\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7 \u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6781\u4f73\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u9074\u9009\uff0c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u8bae\u5458\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4e8e\u62bd\u9009\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u793e\u533a\uff0c \u901a\u8fc7\u62bd\u7b7e\u9074\u9009\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u6210\u653f\u7b56\u966a\u5ba1\u56e224\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5021\u8bae\u548c\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u62bd\u9009\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df7\u5408\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u7684\u653f\u515a \u4f53\u7cfb\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e21\u4e16\u7eaa\u9891\u7e41\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5173\u8054\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u62bd\u9009\u8bba\u8005\u8fd8\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0d\u518d\u4ee5\u5de6\u53f3\u5212\u5206\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u533a\u5206\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0e\u6743\u8d35\uff0c \u91cd\u65b0\u6784\u60f3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n \u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u6c99\u7f57\u59c6\uff08Stephen R. Shalom\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u201d\uff08ParPolity\uff09\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u843d\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5d4c\u5957\u5f0f\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08nested councils\uff09\u300225\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7ea7\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u76d1\u63a7\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u5f39\u52be\u4e4b\u3002\u56e0 \u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7ea7\u8bae\u4f1a\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u592a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u65e0\u6cd5\u76d1\u63a7\u6216\u8005\u6210\u672c\u592a\u9ad8\u3002\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4eba\u6c11\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u56e0\u9009\u4e3e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u51cf\u5f31\u3002<\/p>\n \u62c9 \u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\u6784\u60f3\u4e86\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u6548\u80fd\u8bba\u201d\u300226\u96c6\u4f53\u6548\u80fd\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u957f\u76f8\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u81ea\u6cbb\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4ee3\u8bae\u3002\u8981\u70b9\u6709\u4e09\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b \u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u8be5\u4f53\u73b0\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u6167\uff1a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u70b9\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u66f4\u4fe1\u4efb\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3001\u4ed8\u51fa\u5fc3\u8840\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9009\u7968\uff1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7f29\u51cf\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b \u4e0a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba9\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u627f\u62c5\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u4e0d\u516c\uff0c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u8fa9\u8bba\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u8ba9\u201c\u9009\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u611f\u67d3\u761f\u75ab\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u653f\u5ba2\u3001\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u653f\u7b56\u7ed3 \u679c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8499\u54e5\u9a6c\u5229\u7f62\u4e58\u516c\u8f66\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u5927\u4f1a\u3001\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5267\u573a\u3001\u5e15\u56fe\u963f\u96f7\u683c\u91cc\u6e2f\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7701\u6709\u5173\u9009\u4e3e\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd \u96c6\u4f53\u6548\u80fd\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\u628a\u53d1\u6325\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u6548\u80fd\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u91cd\u89c6\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u95ee\u8d23\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u5c42\u9762\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5347\u534e\u3002<\/p>\n \u6c83 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\n\u2460See http:\/\/www.stickergiant.com\/<\/a>\uff0c click \u201csocial-political\uff0c\u201d \u201cprogressive\uff0c\u201d and \u201canti-Bush.\u201d \u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u535a\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u300a\u5efa\u6784\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u8d28\u91cf\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u6b27\u6811\u519b\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e 2014\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c195\u2014218\u9875\u3002
\n\u2461Thomas Carothers\uff0c \u201cThe End of the Transition Paradigm\uff0c\u201d Journal of Democracy 13\uff0c No. 1\uff08January 2002\uff09.
\n\u2462 Florent Gu\u00e9nard\uff0c \u201cPromoting Democracy\uff1a A Theoretical Impasse\uff1f\u201d Books and Ideas\uff0c 28 November 2007\uff0c http:\/\/www.booksandideas.net\/Promoting-democracy-a-theoretical.html.<\/a>
\n\u2463\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u9769\u547d\u3001\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c49\u201477\u9875\u3002
\n\u2464\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u7c73\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u6291\u5bcc\u7763\u5b98\uff1a\u8ba9\u7cbe\u82f1\u91cd\u65b0\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c11\u201448\u9875\u3002
\n\u2465\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u7279\u91d1\uff1a\u300a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8054\u59fb\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c78\u201486\u9875\u3002
\n\u2466Claudia Chwalisz\uff0c \u201cAre We Electoral Fundamentalists\uff1f\u201dhttps:\/\/equalitybylot.wordpress.com\/2015\/01\/10\/chwalisz-are-we-electoral-fundamentalists\/.<\/a>
\n\u2467Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page\uff0c \u201cTesting Theories of American Politics\uff1a Elites\uff0c Interest Groups\uff0c and Average Citizens\uff0c\u201d Perspectives on Politics\uff0c Vol. 12\uff0c Iss. 3\uff08September 2014\uff09\uff0c pp. 564-581.
\n\u246818\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3002
\n\u2469\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u7c73\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u6291\u5bcc\u7763\u5b98\uff1a\u8ba9\u7cbe\u82f1\u91cd\u65b0\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c35\u9875\u3002
\n11\u62c9\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u9009\u4e3b\uff1a\u53cd\u601d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u964c\u751f\u6743\u8d35\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c87\u2014134\u9875\u3002
\n12 \u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a\u300a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u52a0\u5267\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c243\u2014275\u9875\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5927\u5b66\u7684 \u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u65af\uff08Lawrence Jacobs\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u00b7\u5df4\u4f2f\uff08Ben Barber\uff09\u3001\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u5df4\u7279\u5c14\u65af\uff08Larry Bartels\uff09\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5510\u68ee\uff08Michael Dawson\uff09\u3001\u897f\u8fbe\u00b7\u53f2\u8003\u6734\uff08Theda Skocpol\uff09\u548c\u6089\u5c3c\u00b7\u7ef4\u5df4\uff08Sidney Verba\uff09\u3001\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u83f2\u5965\u91cc\u7eb3\uff08Morris Fiorina\uff09\u3001\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u00b7\u54c8\u514b\uff08Jacob Hacker\uff09\u3001\u5723\u6bcd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7f57\u5fb7\u5c3c\u00b7\u90dd\u7f57\uff08Rodney Hero\uff09\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u6885\u68ee\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4f11\u00b7\u90dd\u514b\u7f57\uff08Hugh Heclo\uff09\u3001\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5c14\u6e7e\u5206\u6821\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u5c14\u00b7\u743c\u00b7\u91d1\uff08Claire Jean Kim\uff09\u3001\u96ea\u57ce\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u82cf\u73ca\u5a1c\u00b7\u6885\u7279\u52d2\uff08Suzanne Mettler\uff09\u3001\u897f\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u4f69\u5947\uff08Benjamin Page\uff09\u3001\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u9999\u69df\u5206\u6821\u7684\u6234\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u5e73\u5fb7\u4fee\u65af\uff08Dianne Pinderhughes\uff09\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u987f\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u51ef\u00b7\u83b1\u66fc\u00b7\u65bd\u6d1b\u8328\u66fc\uff08Kay Lehman Schlozman\uff09\u3002
\n13\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u76ae\u51ef\u8482\uff1a\u300a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5df4\u66d9\u677e\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2014\u5e74\u7248\u3002
\n14\u4e54\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u5965\u4f2f\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u539f\u521d\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u505a\u4e8b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u591a\u6570\u51b3\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u201410\u9875\u3002
\n15\u8c22\u5c14\u767b\u00b7\u6c83\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u96be\u4ee5\u6293\u4f4f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c135\u2014151\u9875\u3002
\n16\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u9009\u4e3e\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c179\u2014194\u9875\u3002
\n17\u535a\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u300a\u5efa\u6784\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u8d28\u91cf\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c195\u2014218\u9875\u3002
\n18\u83ab\u6069\u65af\u00b7\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u6c49\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u6df7\u5408\u5baa\u5236vs. \u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u4e0e\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u7279\u5f81\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c152\u2014178\u9875\u3002
\n19Bernard Manin\uff0c The Principles of Representative Government\uff0c Cambridge\uff1a Cambridge University Press\uff0c 1997.
\n20\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u66fc\u5b81\uff1a\u300a\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u771f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5417\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\uff08\u4e3b\u7f16\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3b\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c276\u2014293\u9875\u3002
\n21\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u7c73\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u6291\u5bcc\u7763\u5b98\uff1a\u8ba9\u7cbe\u82f1\u91cd\u65b0\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\u300b\u3002
\n22Lawrence Lessig\uff0c Republic\uff0c Lost\uff1a How Money Corrupts Congress\u2014and a Plan to Stop It\uff0c New York\uff1a Twelve\uff0c 2011.
\n23Alexander Guerrero\uff0c\u201cThe Lottocracy\uff0c\u201d http:\/\/aeon.co\/magazine\/society\/forget-elections-lets-pick-reps-by-lottery\/.<\/a>
\n24\u653f\u7b56\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u673a\u6784\u800c\u975e\u8bae\u4f1a\u968f\u673a\u9074\u9009\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\u3002\u653f\u7b56\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d6\u4ee3\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5584\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6e20\u9053\u638c\u63e1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\u505a\u51fa\u80fd\u591f\u8d62\u5f97\u793e\u533a\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u660e\u667a\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1http:\/\/www.noosa.qld.gov.au\/-\/democracy-the-noosa-way<\/a>\u3002
\n25Stephen R. Shalom\uff0c \u201cParPolity\uff1a Political Vision for a Good Society\uff0c\u201d Z Magazine\/ZNet\uff0c November\uff0c 2005.
\n26\u62c9\u5c3c\u00b7\u5409\u5c3c\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u9009\u4e3b\uff1a\u53cd\u601d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u964c\u751f\u6743\u8d35\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u300b\u3002
\n27\u8c22\u5c14\u767b\u00b7\u6c83\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u96be\u4ee5\u6293\u4f4f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n