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(\u4e00)\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u59cb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5b9e\u9645\u52b3\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5373\u52b3\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3001\u53d1\u6325\u51fa\u6765\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u52b3\u52a8(\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c1972\uff1a194)\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u8d2d\u4e70\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u5c06\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u52b3\u52a8?\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u600e\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u4ece\u5de5\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u69a8\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c?\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4(Burawoy\uff0c1979\uff1axii)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u6216\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u751f\u5b58\u6240\u9700\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8131\u94a9\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u80fd\u591f\u5355\u72ec\u89e3\u91ca\u5de5\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u751f\u4ea7\u8f66\u95f4\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u767d\u53d1\u7684\u8ba4\u540c(consent)\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u5171\u540c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\u662f\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\u88ab\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8981\u505a\u5230\u597d\u50cf\u7ed9\u5de5\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u624d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8ba4\u540c(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a27)\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d(Burawoy\uff0c1998)\uff0c\u5bf91945\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8(\u6216\u673a\u5236)\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u662f\u63a8\u884c\u8ba1\u4ef6\u5de5\u8d44\u5236\uff0c\u628a\u5de5\u4eba\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u201c\u8d76\u5de5\u6e38\u620f\u201d(the making-out game)\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u628a\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u5c06\u5de5\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u5d4c\u5165\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u8d76\u5de5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u62a5\u916c(\u91d1\u94b1)\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u62a5\u916c\uff0c\u5982\u51cf\u8f7b\u75b2\u52b3\u3001\u6253\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7f13\u89e3\u65e0\u804a\u3001\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u5c31\u611f\u548c\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u7b49\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8d76\u5de5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53e3J\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u8d76\u5de5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u9009\u62e9\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d76\u5de5\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u5373\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u4ea7\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4(Burawoy\uff0c1979)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u73a9\u6e38\u620f\u5f53\u4e2d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u628a\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u67d0\u4e9b\u6709\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u5f62\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5c31\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u88ab\u534f\u8c03\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5185\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u914d\u7ed9\u7531\u4e00\u5957\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5185\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u5185\u90e8\u8fdb\u884c\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8fdb\u884c\u8de8\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u5185\u90e8\u7ed9\u5de5\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u52a8\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51cf\u5c11\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5728\u5c97\u57f9\u8bad\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6280\u80fd\u7fa4\u4f53\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6309\u8d44\u5386\u4ed8\u7ed9\u62a5\u916c(\u5305\u62ec\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u79cd\u3001\u5de5\u8d44\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4fdd\u9669\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49)\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u57f9\u690d\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u534f\u8c03\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5229\u76ca(Burawoy\uff0c1979)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5185\u90e8\u56fd\u5bb6(internal state)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u7533\u8bc9\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u8f66\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u751f\u4ea7\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u534f\u5546\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u91cd\u6784\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cd\u7ec4\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e0e\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u6765\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u4f46\u53cc\u65b9\u53ea\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u679d\u672b\u8282\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u6597\u4e89(\u534f\u5546)\uff0c\u5bf9\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u534f\u5546\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u6210\u4e3a(\u5de5\u4f1a)\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61(Burawoy\uff0c1979)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u5171\u540c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6d88\u6563\u548c\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u63a9\u76d6\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u76ee\u7684(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a193)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5bf9\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5236\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6bd4\u91cd<\/p>\n

\u53ca\u5176\u8054\u7ed3\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8ba4\u540c\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u7684(despotic)\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u9738\u6743\u7684(hegemonic)\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u660e\u663e\u80dc\u8fc7\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8f66\u95f4\u91cc\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u90fd\u8d77\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u4e13\u6a2a\u3001\u4efb\u6027\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6216\u76d1\u89c6\u8005(\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u81ea\u884c\u51b3\u65ad\u89e3\u96c7\u548c\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u4eba)\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8ba4\u540c\u6bd4\u5f3a\u5236\u66f4\u5c45\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u5fae\u5f31\u76f8\u5173(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a194)\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u5373\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e00\u518d\u9769\u65b0\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u65f6\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u5bfc\u81f4\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5229\u6da6\u7387\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u5269\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u9884\u8a00\u7ade\u4e89\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u4ed6\u662f\u5bf9\u7684;\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5bf9\u628a\u7ade\u4e89\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63a8\u7ffb\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63a8\u7ffb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f00\u5f20\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7591\u4e49\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b55\u80b2\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u578b(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a195)\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u590d\u5174\u65f6\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u672a\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u5de5\u5382\u5305\u5bb9\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u529b(Burawoy\uff0c1979\uff1a202)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8d77\u6765\u9769\u547d\u3001\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u4e13\u5236\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u9664\u4e86\u51fa\u5356\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u5de5\u8d44\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d7\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u548c\u788e\u7247\u5316(fragmentation)\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0e\u8111\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6297\u4e89\u4efb\u610f\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e09\u662f\u53d7\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e5\u7684\u5ef6\u957f\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u52a0\u5927\u548c\u65b0\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5f15\u8fdb\uff0c\u8fde\u7eed\u8f6c\u53d8\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5de5\u5382\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49(Burawoy\uff0c1985\uff1a123-124)\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u51fa\u5356\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u4e0d\u518d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u53c2\u52a0\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u9650\u5236\u7ba1\u7406\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u3001\u7533\u8bc9\u673a\u6784\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u90fd\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u5de5\u4eba\u514d\u53d7\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u89e3\u96c7\u3001\u7f5a\u6b3e\u548c\u51cf\u85aa\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u529d\u8bf4\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u534f\u8c03\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e13\u5236\u4f53\u5236(\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u80dc\u4e8e\u8ba4\u540c)\u5fc5\u7136\u88ab\u9738\u6743\u4f53\u5236(\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u65a5\u5f3a\u5236)\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a125-126)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d44\u65b9\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5316\u89e3\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0d\u6b62\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u6240\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c1\u4f46\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7(Walder)\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e8c)\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n

1979\u5e74\u81f31980\u5e74\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u9999\u6e2f\u768480\u540d\u66fe\u5728\u5185\u5730\u5de5\u5382(\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a)\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u4eba\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u8bbf\u8c08\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u540d\u4f5c\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b0\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b(Walder\uff0c1986)\u3002\u4e0e\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5173\u6000\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u79e9\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u60f3\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684?\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u4f55\u5728?\u548c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u4ece\u5de5\u5382\u900f\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5382\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5173\u7cfb(authority relations)\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u662f\u600e\u6837\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5c31\u61c2\u5f97\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u7840\u201d(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a1)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u9996\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u7684?<\/p>\n

\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u7528\u201c\u65b0\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a13)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u4f9d\u9644\u201d(organized dependence)\uff0c\u5373\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u76f4\u63a5\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u91cc\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4f9d\u9644\uff0c\u4f46\u6781\u5c11\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8fbe\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u9ad8\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7686\u6e90\u4e8e\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6d88\u8d39\u5e02\u573a\u5f88\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u62c5\u8d1f\u7740\u4f20\u9012\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4efb\u52a1;\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272;\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f66\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u515a\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u51b3\u6743(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a23)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5de5\u5382\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u8ba4\u540c\u201d(consent)\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u5730\u670d\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20(\u540c\u4e0a)\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u6216\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u6839\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u8f66\u95f4\u91cc\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8f66\u95f4\u9886\u5bfc\u4ece\u4e0a\u5f80\u4e0b\u523b\u610f\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8f66\u95f4\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u5c11\u6570\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6548\u5fe0\u7684\u5de5\u4eba(\u5373\u5de5\u4eba\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50)\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u9886\u5bfc\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u5a01\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u4e89\u53d6\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u65e2\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u975e\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u53ca\u5176\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u4ea4\u6362\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e87\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u751f\u4ea7\u4efb\u52a1\u548c\u5f00\u597d\u653f\u6cbb\u4f1a\u8bae\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u4f9d\u8d56\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u652f\u6301;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u8868\u73b0\u201d\u4e0a\u7684\u597d\u8bc4\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5956\u8d4f(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a24-25;164-165;170-179)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5782\u76f4\u6027\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u4ee5\u53ca\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u654c\u89c6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4eba\u961f\u4f0d\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u654c\u89c6\u53ef\u5c06\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8f6c\u5ac1\u5230\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u5438\u6536\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u201c\u907f\u96f7\u9488\u201d(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a26;164;166-170)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec(\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u975e\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50)\u4ece\u4e0b\u5f80\u4e0a\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u53d1\u5c55\u5de5\u5177<\/p>\n

\u6027\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb(instrumental-personal ties)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f7f\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u5bf9\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u4f5c\u51fa\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53d8\u901a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u5185\u90e8\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e20\u9053\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u4e89\u53d6\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u76ca(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a26-27;165-166;179-186)\u3002\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u5728\u8c08\u53ca\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5173\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8f66\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u8d76\u5de5\u201d\u6e38\u620f\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u91cc\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u4e00\u4ed6\u628a\u5de5\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8f7b\u5fae\u8150\u8d25\u6216\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d76\u5de5\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5e76\u5341\u5206\u770b\u91cd\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u5728\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de5\u4eba\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u73b0\u72b6\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u2018\u8d76\u5de5(make out)\u2019\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u4fbf\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u8ffd\u6c42\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u514b\u670d\u5236\u5ea6\u800c\u7ed9\u5de5\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u53bb\u8003\u8651\u8bf8\u5982\u516c\u6b63\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4f8b\u884c\u516c\u4e8b\u4f3c\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u72b6\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4e2a\u4eba\u603b\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u8d62\u5f97\u67d0\u79cd\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u201d(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a247-248)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u79cd\u201c\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b63\u9762\u6fc0\u52b1\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u5206\u800c\u6cbb\u4e4b\uff0c\u9ed8\u8bb8\u5de5\u4eba(\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u975e\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50)\u901a\u8fc7\u62c9\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8d70\u540e\u95e8\u7b49\u5f62\u5f0f\u53bb\u8ffd\u9010\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5bf9\u4e09\u79cd\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u5382(\u56fd\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a)\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5473\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u662f\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u5de5\u4eba\u670d\u4ece\u5de5\u5382\u91cc\u515a\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5728\u8ba4\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01(\u540c\u4e0a\uff1a246)\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u5de5\u5382\u900f\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a(\u5b59\u7acb\u5e73\uff0c1995\uff1a246-249)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u201d\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u901d\u4e16\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u7edf\u6cbb(paternalism)\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e09)\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6bd4\u8f83<\/p>\n

\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u4e0e\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u79e9\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4ece\u5de5\u5382\u900f\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8d77\u6765\u9769\u547d\u7684\u60c5\u5f62;\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u524d\u6211\u56fd\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u79e9\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63ed\u793a\u515a\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u90e8\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u5a01\u4ece\u800c\u63a7\u5236\u56fd\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e43\u81f3\u63a7\u5236\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u5c31\u5927\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5e03\u6d1b\u7ef4\u6240\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u63a8\u884c\u8ba1\u4ef6\u5de5\u8d44\u5236\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u5185\u90e8\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u5185\u90e8\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u90fd\u662f\u534f\u8c03\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u5236\u5ea6\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4f7f\u52b3\u8d44\u51b2\u7a81\u5904\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u660e(Dubin\uff0c1954\uff1a44)\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u5fb7\u6240\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u6b63\u9762\u6fc0\u52b1\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u5206\u800c\u6cbb\u4e4b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9ed8\u8bb8\u5de5\u4eba\u62c9\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8d70\u540e\u95e8\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5b9e\u884c\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u5219\u5305\u542b\u592a\u591a\u7684\u975e\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u6210\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u903b\u8f91\u5374\u5f88\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\u52b3\u65b9\u4e0e\u8d44\u65b9(\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9)\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u624d\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u5316\u89e3\u3001\u8f6c\u79fb\u52b3\u8d44\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u52b3\u8d44\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u90fd\u662f\u8f6f\u786c\u517c\u65bd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6216\u8f83\u5c11\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u786c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5174\u8da3\u4f7f\u7136\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u201c\u786c\u201d\u7684\u6216\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005(\u9886\u5bfc)\u5982\u4f55\u5411\u5de5\u4eba\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7a76\u7adf\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u6743\u5a01(Walder\uff0c1991)\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7740\u529b\u4e8e\u63a2\u8ba8\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u4e2d\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5173\u6ce8\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u611f\u53d7\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5173\u6ce8\u5de5\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

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(\u4e00)\u8d44\u65b9\u5177\u6709\u5236\u9020\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u6b32\u671b<\/p>\n

\u8d44\u65b9\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u786c\u201d\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5728G\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u8d44\u65b9\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u4e3b\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5584\u5f85\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u529e\u6cd5?\u8981\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5148\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e0b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8d44\u65b9\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

E.O.\u8d56\u7279(Wright\uff0c2000\uff1a962)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u8054\u5408\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d(associational power)\u548c\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d(structural power)\u3002\u201c\u8054\u5408\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u6307\u5de5\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7(\u5982\u5de5\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7b49)\u4e4b\u540e\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f;\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u6307\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7531\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u4e9a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6e90\u81ea\u4f9b\u5e94\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u7684\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u81ea\u5728\u5173\u952e\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6218\u7565\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5f53\u6574\u4e2a\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u51fa\u6545\u969c\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u505c\u5de5\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u5c31\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u897f\u5c14\u5a03(Silver\uff0c2003\uff1a13)\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cE.O.\u8d56\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u96c7\u4e3b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6280\u672f;\u4e8c\u662f\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u603b\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387;\u4e09\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5f7b\u5e95\u8131\u79bb\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u4f9d\u9760\u975e\u5de5\u8d44\u6536\u5165\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5de5\u7684\u201c\u8054\u5408\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u662f\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c8\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u519c\u6c11\u5de5\u5e76\u4e0d\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u96c7\u4e3b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6280\u672f\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u540e\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u603b\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5de5\u5177\u6709\u4f9d\u9760\u975e\u5de5\u8d44\u6536\u5165(\u56de\u5bb6\u52a1\u519c)\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u5206\u6790\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u603b\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u5de5\u8352\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u5de5\u8352\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u59cb\u4e8e2003\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u8981\u66f4\u65e9\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u6cc9\u5dde\u662f\u8fc5\u731b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u8425\u7ecf\u6d4e\u96c6\u805a\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5883\u5185\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u533a\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u7684\u589e\u957f\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5730\u533a\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u8981\u4fdd\u630115%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6295\u5165\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8981\u589e\u957f15%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4e07\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u7684\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u5e74\u8981\u589e\u52a015\u4e07\u540d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u80fd\u5426\u7559\u5f97\u4f4f\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u80fd\u5426\u62db\u5f97\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7528\u5de5\u80fd\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80fd\u5426\u6301\u7eed\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u201c\u6c11\u5de5\u8352\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u5927\u91cf\u7f3a\u5de5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4f01\u4e1a\u614c\u4e86\uff0c\u515a\u59d4\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u6025\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u591a\u6b21\u6307\u793a\uff1a\u5b81\u53ef\u5c11\u4e0a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u628a\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u529e\u597d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c2003\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u63aa\u65bd\u5c31\u9646\u7eed\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c2003\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u300a\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u4fdd\u969c\u5916\u6765\u52a1\u5de5\u4eba\u5458\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u6682\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u300a\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\u591a\u8fbe20\u591a\u9879\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u5916\u6765\u52a1\u5de5\u4eba\u5458\u4eab\u6709\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u6a21\u8303\u7b49\u8363\u8a89\u79f0\u53f7\u7684\u8bc4\u9009\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u4e0e\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u653f\u534f\u59d4\u5458\u7684\u63a8\u9009\uff0c\u53ef\u4f9d\u6cd5\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u9009\u4e3e(\u4eab\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u548c\u88ab\u9009\u4e3e\u6743)\uff0c\u53ef\u62e5\u6709\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e02\u6237\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u5b50\u5973\u5165\u5b66\u4e0e\u672c\u5730\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u4eab\u53d7\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u6df1\u53d7\u5916\u6765\u5de5\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u8001\u677f\u4e5f\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u201c\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u672c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5438\u5f15\u5458\u5de5\u3001\u7559\u4f4f\u5458\u5de5\u3002G\u516c\u53f8\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u65e9\u3001\u505a\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6bd4G\u516c\u53f8\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u4e86\u8be5\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e8e2006\u5e743\u6708\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u201c\u62db\u8058\u3001\u7559\u4eba\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5179\u5f55\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u62db\u8058\u3001\u7559\u4eba\u5236\u5ea6<\/em><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u62db\u8058<\/em><\/p>\n

1\u3001\u62db\u5de5\u540d\u989d\u5206\u914d\uff1a\u7ec4\u957f1\u4eba\/\u6708\uff0c\u4e3b\u4efb2\u4eba\/\u6708\uff0c\u526f\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u7ecf\u7406\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u54043\u4eba\/\u6708\uff0c\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u90e830\u4eba\/\u6708\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

2\u3001\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u5904\u7f5a\uff1a20\u5143\/\u4eba\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

3\u3001\u8d85\u540d\u989d\u5956\u52b1\uff1a\u719f\u7ec3\u5de5100\u5143\/\u4eba\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u5de580\u5143\/\u4eba\u3002\u6240\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5de5\u4eba\u505a\u6ee1\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u53d1\u653e\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u7559\u4eba<\/em><\/p>\n

1\u3001\u4ee5\u8f66\u95f4\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u6708\u6d41\u5931\u7387(\u81ea\u79bb\u3001\u8f9e\u804c\u3001\u8f9e\u9000)\u63a7\u5236\u57283%\u4ee5\u5185\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

2\u3001\u8d85\u8fc73%\uff0c\u591a\u6d41\u5931\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u5458\u5de5(\u5165\u5382\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8005)\uff1a\u7ec4\u957f\u7f5a30\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u4efb\u7f5a20\u5143\uff0c\u526f\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u7ecf\u7406\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u5404\u7f5a10\u5143\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

3\u3001\u8d85\u8fc73%\uff0c\u591a\u6d41\u5931\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5458\u5de5(\u5165\u5382\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u4ee5\u5185\u8005)\uff0c\u7ec4\u957f\u7f5a20\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u4efb\u7f5a10\u5143\uff0c\u526f\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u7ecf\u7406\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u5404\u7f5a5\u5143\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u8f9e\u9000\u5458\u5de5\u7531\u5382\u90e8\u63d0\u51fa\u8f9e\u9000\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u7ecf\u7406\u5ba1\u6838\uff0c\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u8c03\u67e5\u5c5e\u5b9e\u65b9\u53ef\u529e\u7406\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u62db\u8058\u3001\u7559\u4eba\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u53ef\u89c1\u4f01\u4e1a\u62db\u8058\u3001\u7559\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fc3\u5207\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002I\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u8981\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8f6f\u201d\u529e\u6cd5\u6050\u6015\u90fd\u5f88\u4e3a\u96be!<\/p>\n

(\u4e8c)\u52b3\u65b9\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba4\u540c\u8d44\u65b9\u7684\u5584\u5f85\u63aa\u65bd<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5f80\u5f80\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d44\u65b9\u6240\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u52b3\u65b9\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u8d44\u65b9\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u52b3\u65b9\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u53d1\u6325\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u5458\u5de5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4ec0\u4e48\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u591a\u5927\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4f30\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ee9\u6548\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u652f\u4ed8\u62a5\u916c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5219\u90fd\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6210\u6587\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba2\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u3001\u9762\u9762\u4ff1\u5230\u3001\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u5230\u672a\u6765\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u7b49\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5f0f\u5951\u7ea6\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6210\u6587\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u5176\u8bb8\u591a\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u548c\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5951\u7ea6(psychological contracts)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u671f\u9650\u5f88\u77ed\u4e14\u660e\u786e\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5341\u5206\u5177\u4f53\u3001\u6781\u5c11\u6709\u60c5\u611f\u6295\u5165\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u578b\u5fc3\u7406\u5951\u7ea6(transactional contract)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u671f\u9650\u8f83\u957f\u4e14\u4e0d\u56fa\u5b9a\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u6cdb\u3001\u6709\u8f83\u591a\u60c5\u611f\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u5fc3\u7406\u5951\u7ea6(relational contract)(\u53c2\u89c1Conway&Briner\uff0c2005)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5bb9\u6613\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u5e94\u5c3d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\u6743\u5229\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u611f\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u52b3\u8d44\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u52b3\u65b9\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8(\u52aa\u529b)\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u652f\u914d\u7684\u3001\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb;\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u8d44\u65b9\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u52b3\u65b9\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u53ca\u5176\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c45\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0e\u62a5\u916c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u652f\u914d\u4e0e\u88ab\u652f\u914d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u52b3\u65b9\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u7167\u8d44\u65b9\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3001\u5728\u8d44\u65b9\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e3a\u8d44\u65b9\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u652f\u914d\u4e0e\u88ab\u652f\u914d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u52b3\u8d44\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005(Edwards\uff0c1986\uff1a5)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d44\u65b9\u4e0e\u52b3\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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G\u516c\u53f8\u534f\u8c03\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u5584\u5f85\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5728\u6cc9\u5dde\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u800c\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u6240\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u9762\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

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