{"id":5549,"date":"2016-05-23T21:16:48","date_gmt":"2016-01-23T13:16:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shehuifa.com\/?p=5549"},"modified":"2025-11-13T14:49:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T06:49:40","slug":"%e5%85%a8%e6%80%bb%ef%bc%9a%e5%b0%86%e6%8e%a8%e5%8a%a8%e5%88%b6%e5%ae%9a%e5%bf%ab%e9%80%92%e8%a1%8c%e4%b8%9a%e5%8a%b3%e5%8a%a8%e5%ae%9a%e9%a2%9d%e5%ae%9a%e5%91%98%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/?p=5549","title":{"rendered":"[\u5b59\u534e]\uff1a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a<\/strong>\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u672c\u79d1\u524d\u4e24\u5e74\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6a21\u5757\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7a81\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u81ea\u6211\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\u5219\u4ee5\u4e13\u4e1a\u89c4\u683c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u8272\u662f\u4ee5\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5426\u5b9a\u5171\u540c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5f0f\u6216\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u6548\u8fbe\u6210\u3002\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u578b\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u6216\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\uff1a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2 \u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b \u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f \u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n

\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb\u3011\uff1a\u5b59\u534e\uff0c\u7537\uff0c\u897f\u5b89\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u9ad8\u6559\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9655\u897f \u897f\u5b89 710128<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6807\u9898\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u79d1\u57fa\u91d1\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4e00\u822c\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u5236\u5ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c\u7f16\u53f7\uff1aBIA130059\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6765\u6e90\u3011\uff1a\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u672f\u6708\u520a\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u5176\u6e0a\u6e90\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u8fc5\u901f\u88ab\u5404\u56fd\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5386\u7ecf\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u5bf9\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u6cbf\u9769\uff0c\u501f\u9274\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u89c2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6298\u5c04\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u8bba\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u5219\u662f\u627f\u88ad\u548c\u6e90\u81ea\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u539f\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u867d\u5386\u7ecf\u5343\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u672c\u8d28\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u4e2d\u518d\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7eb7\u7e41\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u5bfc\u81f4\u67d0\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7247\u9762\u7a81\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7efc\u5408\u8bb8\u591a\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u3001\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5076\u5c14\u53c8\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u6839\u636e\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u7247\u9762\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u88ab\u6574\u7406\u5230\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u3002\u201d[1]\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u51c0\u7684\u201c\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u62bd\u8c61\u4e0e\u6982\u62ec\u201d\u3002\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u542f\u53d1\u4e0e\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9610\u91ca\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002[2]\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u5f52\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u62bd\u53d6\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7c7b\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u53ca\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u672c\u79d1\u9636\u6bb5\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u672c\u79d1\u524d\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6a21\u5757\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7a81\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u81ea\u6211\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\u5219\u4ee5\u4e13\u4e1a\u89c4\u683c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5b83\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6e90\u5934\u2014\u2014\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5174\u65fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u725b\u6865\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u535a\u96c5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5149\u5927\u5e76\u88ab\u6539\u7ec4\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u65b0\u897f\u5170\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u4ee5\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u30001.\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u62d3\u8352\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6076\u52a3\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u4e00\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5f20\u529b\u548c\u8fa9\u62a4\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5de6\u53f3\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5c31\u6574\u4e2a\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u4e0e\u8d70\u5411\u770b\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u5b9e\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u83ab\u96f7\u5c14\u6cd5\u6848(Morrill Land-Grant Act)\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5c31\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cdb\u6ee5\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3e\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5e94\u7740\u91cd\u5b9e\u7528\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\u51b2\u51fb\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5f17\u83b1\u514b\u65af\u7eb3(Abraham Flexner)\u5219\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u5bf9\u5176\u5c55\u5f00\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af(Robert Maynard Hutchins)\u548c\u675c\u5a01(John Dewey)\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c38\u6052\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u65d7\u624b\uff0c\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7406\u6027\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6700\u5145\u5206\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u826f\u77e5\u3002\u4eba\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5907\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u3002[3]\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u777f\u667a(Wisdom)\u548c\u81f3\u5584(Goodness)\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u5f15\u5b66\u751f\u63a5\u8fd1\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u7814\u4e60\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u7acb\u8db3\u3002[4]\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u6700\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e43\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5927\u5b66\u4ee5\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u5b66\u79d1\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u675c\u5a01\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u6709\u7740\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u675c\u5a01\u575a\u6301\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u804c\u4e1a\u505a\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u529f\u6548\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u4e49\u5730\u5de6\u53f3\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d70\u5411\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3a\u62b5\u5236\u8d8a\u53d1\u6cdb\u6ee5\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53cd\u667a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u95ea\u70c1\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u96be\u9891\u53d1\uff0c\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u5f71\u54cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u5e94\u5f53\u201c\u5411\u4f20\u7edf\u56de\u5f52\u3001\u5bfb\u6c42\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u201d\u3001\u5e76\u201c\u6062\u590d\u9053\u5fb7\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u3002[5]<\/p>\n

21\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u62ac\u5934\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4ee5\u5f80\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6210\u5c31\u3001\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u4e0d\u61c8\u63a2\u7d22\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u4f5c\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[6]\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u80cc\u666f\u6b63\u662f\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u4ee3\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cdb\u6ee5\u548c\u6280\u672f\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7316\u7357\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u88ab\u5f02\u5316\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5fb7\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u2026\u2026\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u6025\u901f\u6ed1\u5411\u6b32\u671b\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c2007\u5e74\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u3001\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u2026\u2026\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9898\u4e2d\u4e4b\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5021\u5bfc\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u201d\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u9650\u8d22\u5bcc\u805a\u655b\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u901a\u5f80\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5355\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0e\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u5408\u4f5c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u8fb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6ee5\u7528\uff1b\u5f3a\u8c03\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8d56\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6269\u5927\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u800c\u662f\u6269\u5927\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u52aa\u529b\u7ea0\u6b63\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u542f\u8499\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u8282\u5236\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u8bba(\u76f4\u7ebf\u7684\u3001\u6025\u901f\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6c42\u65b0)\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u4eba\u6027\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7262\u7b3c\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u5c31\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ee5\u201c\u89e3\u653e\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e16\u754c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u8005\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e92\u8865\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4e92\u8865\u3002[7]<\/p>\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u76f4\u79c9\u627f\u5176\u57f9\u517b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u613f\u666f\u5747\u53ef\u7aa5\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u7ec5\u58eb\u3001\u795e\u804c\u4e0e\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u575a\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u5219\u6307\u5411\u5168\u7403\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u9886\u8896\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9884\u8bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u6240\u5f70\u663e\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6e0a\u85ae\u6240\u6307\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6587\u660e\u4f20\u9012\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6c38\u6052\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u9003\u8131\u4e0d\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5212\u754c\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u9610\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8303\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8868\u5f81\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u89c6\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u4e3b\u4fee\u79d1\u548c\u526f\u4fee\u79d1\u7684\u8865\u5145\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u6709\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u54c8\u4f5b\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u201d\u6784\u6210\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6216\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9636\u6bb5\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u4e13\u4fee\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u5e74\u7ea7\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u8fd8\u662f\u8036\u9c81\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u90fd\u660e\u663e\u5f3a\u8c03\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e13\u624d\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u9662\u6821\u540c\u6837\u6ce8\u91cd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u5c3d\u7686\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u578b\u7cbe\u82f1\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5a01\u5ec9\u59c6\u65af\u5b66\u9662(Williams College)\u3001\u963f\u59c6\u8d6b\u65af\u7279\u5b66\u9662(Amherst College)\u7b49\u66f4\u662f\u58f0\u540d\u8fdc\u64ad\u3002[8]<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5386\u7ecf\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u9636\u6bb5(1869-1909)\u3001\u4e3b\u4fee\u52a0\u5206\u7c7b\u9009\u4fee\u9636\u6bb5(1909-1945)\u3001\u7ea2\u76ae\u4e66\u9636\u6bb5(1945-1975)\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9636\u6bb5(1975-2008)\u3001\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8ba1\u5212\u9636\u6bb5(2009\u81f3\u4eca)\u3002<\/p>\n

2002\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u81ea1978\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u5168\u9762\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u30022002\u5e74\u5b66\u671f\u672b\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u547d\u4e864\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c1\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u884c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5c55\u5f00\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e00\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\u3002\u81f32007\u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5171\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\uff1a2003\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fdb\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2d\u671f\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff1b2004\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u201c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5b66\u9662\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff1b2005\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u201c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5b66\u9662\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bc4\u5ba1\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff1b2007\u5e742\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u62a5\u544a\u2014\u2014\u201c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u62a5\u544a\u201d(Report of the Task Force on General Education)\u30022007\u5e745\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u7acb\u6cd5\u56e2(Faculty Legislation)\u4ee5\u6295\u7968\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u7ec8\u6cd5\u6848(Final Legislation for the Program in General Education)\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6b21\u6539\u9769\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u4e3e\u63aa\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f15\u9886\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u80fd\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e0d\u8d25\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u5927\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u4e92\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u54c8\u4f5b\u5b66\u751f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u8ddf\u4e0a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6b65\u4f10\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807\u88ab\u7ec6\u5316\u4e3a\uff1a\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u516c\u6c11\u804c\u8d23\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3001\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u8981\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u53d8\u9769\u505a\u51fa\u6279\u5224\u6027\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u53cd\u5e94\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u3001\u8981\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u548c\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6309\u7167\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6848\u5df2\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u7ec8\u6cd5\u6848\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u6d89\u730e\u7684\u5206\u4e3a\u516b\u5927\u8303\u7574\uff1a\u827a\u672f\u548c\u8be0\u91ca(Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding)\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0(Culture and Belief)\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63a8\u7406(Empirical Reasoning)\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u63a8\u7406(Ethical Reasoning)\u3001\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66(Science of Living Systems)\u3001\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u79d1\u5b66(Science of the Physical Universe)\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8bf8\u793e\u4f1a(Societies of the World)\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd(The United States in the World)\u3002\u8fd9\u516b\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u56db\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a\u4eba\u6587\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u987a\u5229\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6210\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5e38\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(Standing Committee on General Education)\u548c\u82e5\u5e72\u4e8c\u7ea7\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(SubCommittees)\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u7531\u9662\u957f\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u7531\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u8be5\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5e94\u662f\u5b66\u9662\u9ad8\u7ea7\u804c\u4f4d\u8005\u3002\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5e94\u7531\u5404\u9662\u7cfb\u6559\u5e08\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bd4\u8f831978\u5e74\u548c2007\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u6709\u5e7f\u535a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u827a\u672f\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7d20\u517b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b661978\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7406\u5ff5\u8fd8\u6709\u7740\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u8fd8\u770b\u51fa\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c2007\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7406\u5ff5\u5219\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c2007\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u65e2\u5f3a\u8c03\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u5b66\u4ee5\u81f4\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e88\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u80fd\u591f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u8bfe\u5802\u5185\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5e94\u5bf9\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6821\u5185\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u4eca\u540e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56de\u987e\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u6b21\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u54c8\u4f5b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff0c[9]\u800c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002[10]\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5386\u6b21\u6539\u9769\u529b\u6c42\u628a\u63e1\u65f6\u4ee3\u8109\u640f\uff0c\u9002\u65f6\u8f6c\u79fb\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bcf\u6b21\u6539\u9769\u5404\u6709\u4fa7\u91cd\uff0c\u4f46\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6cbf\u9769<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u6309\u7167\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e94\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u5b8f\u89c2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0a\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5373\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u975e\u5747\u8861\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5f15\u9886\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0b\u66f2\u6298\u524d\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

1776\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6446\u8131\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u5efa\u56fd\u3002\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u5927\u5f00\u53d1\u4e4b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b66\u9662\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5f00\u8bbe\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u827a\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u7267\u5e08\u548c\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u535a\u96c5\u5b66\u79d1\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5929\u5e73\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e16\u754c\u503e\u659c\u30021828\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u575a\u6301\u6b63\u7edf\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u8036\u9c81\u62a5\u544a\u300b(The Yale Report of 1828)\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u575a\u6301\u4e3a\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u4e60\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5f62\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6559\u517b\u5927\u6709\u88e8\u76ca\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u5e15\u5361\u5fb7(A.S.Packard)\u5728\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u64b0\u6587\u634d\u536b\u8036\u9c81\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u660e\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u300a\u8036\u9c81\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u503e\u5411\u5f97\u4ee5\u77eb\u6b63\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u52a0\u5feb\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u6df1\u6df1\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u9009\u8bfe\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a8\u884c\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c21\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u827e\u7565\u7279(Charles Eliot)\u57281869\u5e74\u4e0a\u4efb\u5c31\u804c\u6f14\u8bf4\u4e2d\u65d7\u5e1c\u9c9c\u660e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u5217\u5165\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u54c8\u4f5b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f0a\u59cb\u5c31\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u80fd\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u53ca\u53e4\u5178\u8bed\u6587\u3002\u4f46\u8ba1\u5212\u5374\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u4e0d\u61c8\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e1886\u5e74\uff0c\u9009\u4fee\u5236\u5ea6\u624d\u57fa\u672c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f7f\u5f97\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807\u7531\u57f9\u517b\u8d35\u65cf\u7ec5\u58eb\u9010\u6e10\u5411\u57f9\u517b\u5de5\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u6559\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e0\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6839\u672c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5373\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u5206\uff0c\u5f53\u5b66\u5206\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u65f6\u5c31\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u9009\u4fee\u5236\u5ea6\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5b66\u5206\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4ece\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u4e2d\u66f4\u52a0\u83b7\u5f97\u76ca\u5904\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u6559\u5e08\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\u201c\u7cfb\u201d\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002[11]<\/p>\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14(Lowell)\u7684\u4e3b\u4fee\u52a0\u5206\u7c7b\u9009\u4fee\u5236\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u827e\u7565\u7279\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u8bfe\u5236\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u5b66\u751f\u8d8b\u6613\u907f\u96be\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u30021909\u5e74\uff0c\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u5c31\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u7b2c22\u4efb\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u5176\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f0a\u59cb\u5c31\u529b\u63a8\u201c\u4e3b\u4fee\u52a0\u5206\u7c7b\u9009\u4fee\u5236\u201d\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u5236\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a16\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u67096\u95e8\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e3b\u4fee\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u6216\u9886\u57df\uff0c4\u95e8\u5219\u987b\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u5fc5\u4fee\u4e4b\u4e2d\u9009\u4fee\u4e00\u95e8\uff0c\u53e6\u59166\u95e8\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u3002[12]\u8fd9\u5c31\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u9009\u8bfe\u65f6\u907f\u96be\u8d8b\u6613\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u788e\u7247\u5316\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u8fc7\u65e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u96be\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u590d\u6742\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6821\u671f\u95f4\u65e2\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5e7f\u535a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u4e13\u957f\u8005\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u201c\u4e13\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u535a\u201d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u540e\u662f\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u6587\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c38\u6052\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u6539\u6b64\u524d\u98ce\u9761\u5168\u7f8e\u7684\u6982\u8bba\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u56de\u5f52\u540d\u8457\u548c\u539f\u8457\u3002\u4ed6\u6267\u638c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5982\u65e5\u4e2d\u5929\u3002\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u52a0\u5f3a\u540d\u8457\u5f0f\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u57f9\u517b\u201c\u901a\u624d\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f01\u56fe\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5b9e\u65bd\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u8bad\u7ec3\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6574\u7406\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u4e8654\u672c\u540d\u8457\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u201c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u4e00\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u5f7c\u65f6\u5168\u7f8e\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e0e\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fc2\u8150\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4eba\u6587\uff0c\u719f\u77e5\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u3002[13]<\/p>\n

1933\u5e74\uff0c\u67ef\u5357\u7279(James Conant)\u63a5\u66ff\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u6210\u4e3a\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c23\u4efb\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u518d\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u65b0\u653f\u4e5f\u628a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u518d\u6b21\u5bfc\u5411\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u67ef\u5357\u7279\u6df1\u77e5\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u767d\u54c8\u4f5b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u575a\u5b88\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u7740\u624b\u6539\u9020\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u30021943\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u5357\u7279\u6210\u7acb\u4e13\u95e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5386\u7ecf\u4e24\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u300b(General Educational Free Society)\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8f70\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u6309\u7167\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u6307\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u201c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u6709\u6548\u601d\u8003\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u76f8\u5173\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u7504\u522b\u5404\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002[14]\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6218\u540e\u76f4\u81f370\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7f57\u7d22\u592b\u65af\u57fa(Hery Rosovsky)\u6539\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u201c\u5723\u7ecf\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9996\u5148\u8981\u514b\u670d\u8fc7\u5206\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u52a0\u5f3a\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u7684\u5404\u79d1\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3001\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u4fee\u517b\u7b49\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u667a\u529b\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u6cbf\u88ad\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u768416\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u75316\u95e8\u7f29\u51cf\u4e3a4\u95e8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u95e8\u8c03\u6574\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5219\u52a0\u5165\u901a\u8bc6\u9009\u4fee\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c31\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a6\u95e8\u4e3b\u4fee\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c6\u95e8\u901a\u8bc6\u5b66\u79d1\u548c4\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4fee\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n

1971\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u535a\u514b(Derek Bok)\u6210\u4e3a\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c25\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u72c2\u98ce\u66b4\u96e8\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d8a\u6218\u548c\u51b7\u6218\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u6f6e\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53cd\u6218\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u3001\u5973\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u79cd\u65cf\u8fd0\u52a8\u7b49\u7b49\u4f7f\u4ee5\u54c8\u4f5b\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u540d\u8457\u9009\u8bfb\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4e2a\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0b\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u8bfe\u3002<\/p>\n

1973\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u535a\u514b\u4efb\u547d\u6781\u529b\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7f57\u7d22\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u4e3a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u8d23\u6210\u5176\u91cd\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u7d22\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u7ec4\u6210\u4e03\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u8d1f\u8d23\u7814\u7a76\u54c8\u4f5b\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e03\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u5206\u522b\u8d1f\u8d23\u5bf9\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b(\u53c8\u79f0\u57fa\u7840\u8bfe\u7a0b)\u3001\u4e3b\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u6539\u8fdb\u63aa\u65bd\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u8f85\u5bfc\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u7269\u529b\u53ca\u8d22\u529b\u72b6\u51b5\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u30021979\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5173\u4e8e\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u81ea1979\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u7528\u56db\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u5b9e\u65bd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\uff0c1982\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e94\u8f6e\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u30022002\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u5ba3\u5e03\u542f\u52a8\u81ea1978\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6539\u9769\u7ee7\u627f\u5e76\u53d1\u626c\u4e86\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c0321\u4e16\u7eaa\u57f9\u517b\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u5386\u65f6\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c2007\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6848\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u662f\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u53d6\u4ee3\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5b9e\u884c\u4e8630\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u30022009\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9e\u65bd\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7eb5\u89c2\u4ee5\u54c8\u4f5b\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u624d\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5176\u6c38\u6052\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u7267\u5e08\u3001\u5f8b\u5e08\u3001\u533b\u751f\u548c\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7b49\uff0c\u827e\u7565\u7279\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u662f\u901a\u4e13\u76f8\u6d4e\u7684\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u79d1\u5357\u7279\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u535a\u514b\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u80fd\u591f\u8fce\u63a5\u65f6\u4ee3\u6311\u6218\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u662f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u5426\u5b9a\u5317\u7f8e\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u5171\u540c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u900f\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u4fbf\u80fd\u8fbe\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5f0f\u6216\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u91cc\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5355\u72ec\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u63d0\u5347\u5b66\u751f\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e13\u4e1a\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7d20\u8d28\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9053\u7406\u3002\u6000\u7279\u6d77(Alfred North Whitehead)\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u9488\u89c1\u8840\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53ea\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u666e\u901a\u9676\u51b6\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53ea\u7ed9\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u5730\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u2026\u2026\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4e00\u4ef6\u65e0\u7f1d\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u5916\u5957\u5272\u88c2\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u201d[15]<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7740\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u7a76\u5176\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6e90\u5934\u2014\u2014\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u4ee5\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u5176\u5178\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

1.\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5d07\u5c1a\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u7ec5\u58eb\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u7ec5\u58eb\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u7ec5\u58eb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5219\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9a91\u58eb\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u5386\u7ecf\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5149\u5927\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6539\u826f\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4ee5\u725b\u6d25\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7a76\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ef\u4e00\u8a00\u853d\u4e4b\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u82f1\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u5927\u5b66\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5386\u7ecf\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5219\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u79c9\u627f\u7684\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5219\u53d7\u5230\u4ee5\u7ebd\u66fc\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u5960\u5b9a\u548c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6539\u9020\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u9690\u9690\u7ea6\u7ea6\u7559\u4e0b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u3002<\/p>\n

\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u6821\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u6240\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u79d1\u3001\u6cd5\u79d1\u3001\u533b\u79d1\u3001\u795e\u79d1\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u57f9\u517b\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u7267\u5e08\u3001\u533b\u751f\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6700\u521d\u6587\u79d1\u662f\u533b\u79d1\u3001\u6cd5\u79d1\u548c\u795e\u79d1\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u65b9\u9762\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u8bfe\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u6587\u79d1\u7684\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u949f\u7231\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u98ce\u683c\u5c31\u50cf\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u963f\u4ec0\u6bd4(Eric Ashby)\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u201c\u57f9\u517b\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6559\u517b\u6bd4\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u6df1\u5b66\u8bc6\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u3002[16]<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u540e\u7684600\u591a\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u548c\u5251\u6865\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5b55\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u76f4\u9075\u5faa\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u63a8\u884c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\uff0c\u606a\u5b88\u7ec5\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u867d\u6709\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u575a\u6301\u3002\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u98de\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u6548\u7528\u4f7f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u65af\u3001\u8d6b\u65af\u7279\u5c24\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece(Thomas Henry Huxley)\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u634d\u536b\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u4e0e\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u8eab\u4e0a\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7740\u5f3a\u70c8\u800c\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5b83\u534e\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9e\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u94bb\u7814\u8fc7\u6240\u6709\u533b\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\uff1b\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u533b\u5b66\u800c\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1b\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u7cbe\u795e\u9519\u4e71\u75c7\u800c\u6d89\u8db3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6211\u6562\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u201d[17]\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff1f\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u57281868\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u300a\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u667a\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u628a\u611f\u60c5\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\u534f\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u201d[18]\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u529b\u4e3b\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6539\u9020\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4f7f\u5176\u8fbe\u5230\u76f8\u5e73\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e(Herbert Spencer)\u5219\u4e8e1859\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u90a3\u7bc7\u6700\u8d1f\u76db\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u2014\u2014\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u77e5\u8bc6\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u300b\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u96c4\u8fa9\u800c\u6df1\u9083\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u63a8\u5d07\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6781\u5927\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u540c\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u95f4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6709\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8fa9\u62a4\u53ca\u5475\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u6781\u5927\u5730\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u51b7\u6218\u5219\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u9ad8\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u3001\u7f57\u7d20(Bertrand Russell)\u76f8\u7ee7\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u3002\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5728\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u300b\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u6587\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u7acb\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6587\u79d1\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6587\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u51e1\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u4f20\u6388\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5145\u6ee1\u667a\u6167\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u987b\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u6587\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u79cd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u6388\u6280\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba1\u7f8e\u9274\u8d4f\u529b\uff1b\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u8865\u5145\u800c\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\u3002\u201d[19]\u800c\u7f57\u7d20\u5728\u80af\u5b9a\u725b\u6d25\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5185\u5728\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u67d0\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u4e0e\u89e3\u653e\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0e\u5d07\u5c1a\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u529f\u6548\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u751a\u56a3\u5c18\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u54f2\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6b27\u6d32(\u82f1\u56fd)\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u65af(Richard Stanley Peters)\u3001\u8d6b\u65af\u7279(P.H.Hirst)\u7b49\u5219\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14(James Mill)\u548c\u8fb9\u6c81(Jeremy Bentham)\u7b49\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u725b\u987f\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14(Rene Descartes)\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179(Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)\u7b49\u4eba\u5747\u4ee5\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u4e3a\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2(\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2)\u6539\u9769\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ec8\u4e8e\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u725b\u6d25\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5728\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u968f\u540e\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fee\u6b63\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6539\u9020\u6210\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u201c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u30002.\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8303\u578b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6559\u80b2\u4e3e\u63aa(\u5982\u589e\u52a0\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49)\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u6210\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\u5e76\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5c55\u5f00\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7acb\u8054\u5408\u4e13\u4e1a(Joint Courses)\u89e3\u51b3\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u4e3b\u8f85\u4fee\u4e13\u4e1a\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5171\u670949\u79cd\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5355\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a24\u4e2a\u3001\u8054\u5408\u4e13\u4e1a25\u4e2a(\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a21\u4e2a\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a4\u4e2a)\uff0c\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e00\u822c\u5b66\u52363\uff5e4\u5e74\uff0c\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u6709\uff1a\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u548c\u6750\u6599\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u7ec4\u6210\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u5e76\u65e0\u4e3b\u6b21\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6bd4\u91cd\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4ee5\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u53cc\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u5e74\uff1a\u6570\u5b661\uff0c\u6570\u5b662\uff0c1\u95e8\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c2\u95e8\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2\u95e8\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c2\u95e8\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c1\u95e8\u54f2\u5b66\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\u5b66\u5e74\uff1a1\u95e8\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c3\u95e8\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u52363\u5e74\uff0c\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u7ec4\u6210\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6bd4\u91cd\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u4e09\u79d1\u4e2d\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u53602\/3\u6bd4\u91cd\u3002\u518d\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e09\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u662f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u5e74\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u6982\u8bba\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6982\u8bba\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6982\u8bba\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2\u95e8\u54f2\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u30012\u95e8\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u30012\u95e8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u30012\u95e8\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002[20]\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u662f\u6709\u673a\u878d\u5408\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002[21]<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bbd\u5e7f\u7684\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0e\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u85e9\u7bf1\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u65e2\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5316\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u201d\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u6208\u767b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u6ee1\u8db3\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u52a0\u2018\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u2019\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7b49\u3002\u201d[22]<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e86\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u677f\u5757\u5206\u660e\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e0e\u901a\u8bc6\u5404\u884c\u5176\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u91cd\u89c6\u53e4\u5178\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c38\u6052\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u6ce8\u91cd\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6ce8\u610f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u7ebd\u66fc\u5728\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u62e5\u6709\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u201d\u201c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u771f\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u8499\u53d7\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b66\u751f\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u635f\u5931\u4e5f\u65ad\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c11\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u624d\u667a\u6536\u83b7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6240\u9009\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7740\u666e\u904d\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u79f0\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u201d[23]<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u725b\u6d25\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e3e\u63aa\u8fd8\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b66\u79d1\u7fa4(The Schools of Studies Structure\uff0c\u5373\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u878d\u5408\u4e0e\u6574\u5408)\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbe\u7acb\u57fa\u7840\u5e74(The Foundation Year\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u540c\u6837\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u70b9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u67d0\u4e9b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c)\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u8f85\u4fee\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8981\u6c42\u4e3b\u4fee\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8f85\u4fee\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e3b\u4fee\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8f85\u4fee\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f3a\u8feb\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4f11\u4f2f(L.Huber)\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8131\u79bb\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e94\u5f53\u4ece\u5176\u6240\u5728\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u59cb\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8303\u4f8b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u540c\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53d8\u5f0f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u5e38\u8054\u7cfb\u51e0\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u3002[24]\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u6e17\u900f\u4e86\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u201c\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u7814\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u3002[25]<\/p>\n

\u30003.\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8087\u59cb\u4e8e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u535a\u96c5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9a\u578b\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u5370\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e0e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7cbe\u795e\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u201d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c14\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f7f\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u65d7\u6a2a\u5377\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4ece\u7ecf\u9662\u8bfe\u7a0b\u88ab\u8feb\u8f6c\u4e3a\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2(Liberal Education)\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2(Arts Education)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6025\u5267\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u884c\u535a\u5f08\u4e0e\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5de5\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5206\u5316\u72ec\u7acb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u6d41\u522b\u6d3e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5904\u4e8e\u4e3b\u5bb0\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u6539\u7ec4\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7a81\u51fa\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u662f\u4e3a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b66\u4e60\u795e\u5b66\u4ee5\u8fbe\u4e8e\u795e\u660e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u5b66\u79d1\u96c6\u4e2d\u6027\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u5374\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u795e\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6b64\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5176\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4f7f\u4eba\u6446\u8131\u5c18\u4e16\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u6700\u7ec8\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u795e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8865\u5145\u624b\u6bb5\u800c\u88ab\u5f15\u8fdb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u90fd\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u529f\u5229\u6027\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u6027\u3002\u795e\u5b66\u662f\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u7684\u738b\u51a0\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5a62\u5973\u3002\u656c\u754f\u6210\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u201c\u4e03\u827a\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4fe8\u7136\u4e00\u79cd\u8654\u656c\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u795e\u5316\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u63d0\u5347\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u3002[26]<\/p>\n

\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u7528\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53cd\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u63a8\u5d07\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u201c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u4fbf\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u201d\u3002\u201c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c31\u6765\u81ea\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u6559\u6388\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u3001\u8bd7\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u663e\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u3002[27]<\/p>\n

17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u867d\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5927\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5404\u7c7b\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6709\u5173\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u5165\u4f20\u7edf\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u9a7e\u9f50\u9a71\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u8d85\u8d8a\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u5c45\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5524\u9192\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5305\u62ec\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u7edf\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u5cfb\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5f0f\u5fae\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3001\u5bf9\u795e\u6743\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u98a0\u8986\u3001\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u8bfb\u7684\u9700\u8981\u7a7a\u524d\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u5174\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u53c8\u4e0e\u6b64\u5408\u6d41\u53e0\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u9762\u4e34\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5371\u673a\u3002[28]<\/p>\n

\u9762\u5bf9\u5982\u6b64\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7ebd\u66fc\u5728\u5176\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u300b\u4e2d\u5168\u9762\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5373\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u4f20\u6388\u6240\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u6027\u6269\u589e\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u6587\u5316\u7684\u57f9\u517b\uff1b\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u6700\u5177\u201c\u6709\u7528\u6027\u201d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5bf9\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u975e\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u3001\u6ee1\u8db3\u95f2\u6687\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7ebd\u66fc\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u672c\u8eab\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u667a\u201d\u3002[29]\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u65e5\u76ca\u5f0f\u5fae\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ebd\u66fc\u8fd8\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u662f\u6f20\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u57f9\u517b\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u667a\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53bb\u56de\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u7ebd\u66fc\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u7533\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u65e5\u76ca\u9677\u5165\u5371\u673a\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u79d1\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9020\u4f7f\u7ec5\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u5ea6\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u535a\u5b66\u548c\u8d2f\u901a\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u9ad8\u96c5\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u3002\u800c\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec5\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5927\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4e0a\u5c42\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u6587\u96c5\u7ec5\u58eb\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6807\u8bc6\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7ec5\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u8ffd\u9010\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u53ea\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u804c\u4e1a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u5177\u6709\u6559\u517b\u6bd4\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u6df1\u5b66\u95ee\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u3002[30]\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u5386\u7ecf\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u535a\u96c5\u6559\u80b2(Liberal Arts)\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4ee5\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5927\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u5174\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u548c\u5b9e\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5bf9\u4ee5\u725b\u6d25\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5927\u673a\u5668\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4f7f\u4f20\u7edf\u725b\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\u8eab\u4efd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\u8bf8\u5982\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4ee5\u7ebd\u66fc\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4f9d\u7136\u575a\u6301\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u626c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u6ce8\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u5d07\u9ad8\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5408\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u65e5\u76ca\u76db\u884c\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u3002\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u79ef\u6781\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9002\u7528\u5e76\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6e90\u81ea\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f0f\u5fae\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8bda\u5982\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u53ea\u9002\u5408\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u5b9e\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u5fc5\u9700\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u60c5\u64cd\u201d\u3002[31]\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e2a\u597d\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec5\u58eb\u662f\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\uff1b\u5177\u5907\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u624d\u667a\uff0c\u6709\u7075\u654f\u7684\u9274\u8d4f\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u7387\u76f4\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u51b7\u9759\u7684\u5934\u8111\uff0c\u5f85\u4eba\u63a5\u7269\u6709\u9ad8\u8d35\u3001\u8c26\u865a\u7684\u98ce\u5ea6\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5e7f\u535a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5929\u751f\u5177\u6709\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u77ff\u4e1a\u3001\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u597d\u4e8b\u53c8\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7528\u5904\uff1f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u597d\u4e8b\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u7279\u6743\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u6709\u95f2\u9636\u7ea7\u624d\u80fd\u4eab\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u88ab\u5f15\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u2014\u2014\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u5168\u76d8\u6452\u5f03\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u9010\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u4ee5\u529b\u6c42\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u754c\u5e72\u6270\u3001\u4e0d\u5c48\u670d\u4e8e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u538b\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u63a2\u7d22\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u57ce\u5821\u201d\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5b97\u65e8\u7684\u3002[32]<\/p>\n

\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u60e8\u75db\u6559\u8bad\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5316\u4e0e\u7247\u9762\u5316\u7b49\u7b49\u4e00\u5ea6\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u517b\u6210\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4f26\u7406\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5931\u8303\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5c31\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u7f8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b66\u6f6e\u52a8\u8361\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5931\u8861\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6ed1\u5761\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7578\u5f62\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7a7a\u865a\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u51b7\u6f20\uff0c\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u5f02\u5316\u4e3a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u52a8\u7269\u201d\u3001\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u5974\u96b6\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5931\u843d\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u51dd\u89c6\u5927\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u201c\u529f\u6548\u201d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u800c\u901a\u8bc6(\u81ea\u7531)\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u610f\u8574\u6070\u6070\u77eb\u6b63\u548c\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6(\u81ea\u7531)\u6559\u80b2\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u4eba\u6765\u57f9\u517b\u3002[33]<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u98ce\u751f\u6c34\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u8fc5\u901f\u8d76\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5438\u53d6\u7f8e\u5f0f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u629b\u5f03\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u540e\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u535a\u96c5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2(General Education)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u624d\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6e17\u900f\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u535a\u96c5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002[34]<\/p>\n

\u8003\u5bdf\u4e16\u754c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u65e0\u4e0d\u5e26\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u672c\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u5f71\u54cd\u672c\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u62c5\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u8fbe40\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u827e\u7565\u7279(Charles W.Eliot)\u4e5f\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u9762\u9c9c\u660e\u53cd\u6620\u8be5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u683c\u7684\u955c\u5b50\u3002\u201d[35]\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u540c\u6837\u6a21\u5f0f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u6548\u8fbe\u6210\u3002\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u578b\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u6216\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u5408\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n

[1](\u5fb7)\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f.\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba[M].\u6768\u5bcc\u658c\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1999\uff1a186.<\/p>\n

[2](\u5fb7)\u8fea\u5c14\u514b\u00b7\u514b\u65af\u52d2.\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3001\u8457\u8ff0\u53ca\u5f71\u54cd[M].\u90ed\u950b\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2000\uff1a221-222.<\/p>\n

[3]Hutchins,R.M.The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society[M].Westport,Comm.:Greenwood Press,Publishers,1953:69.<\/p>\n

[4]Hutchins R M.Education for Freedom[M].Louisiana State University Press,1943:26.<\/p>\n

[5](\u7f8e)\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14.\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe[M].\u8d75\u4e00\u51e1\u7b49\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c1989\uff1a5.<\/p>\n

[6](\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9)H.\u7f2a\u5409\u5361.\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49[J].\u56fd\u5916\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c1989\uff0c(11)\uff1a29-30.<\/p>\n

[7]\u4e50\u9edb\u4e91.\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49[N].\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5(\u7406\u8bba\u7248)\uff0c2012-05-14.<\/p>\n

[8][25]\u5b59\u534e.\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u9047[J].\u6c5f\u82cf\u9ad8\u6559\uff0c2013\uff0c(3)\uff1a72-74.<\/p>\n

[9]Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences.Report of the Task Force on General Education[R].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University,2007:1-21.<\/p>\n

[10]Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences.Final Legislation for the Program in General Education[R].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University,2007:8.<\/p>\n

[11]\u738b\u82f1\u6770.\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6539\u9769\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u2014\u2014\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c[J].\u6bd4\u8f83\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c1993\uff0c(5)\uff1a1-10.<\/p>\n

[12]Smith R N.The Harvard Century:The Making of a University to a Nation[M].New York:Simon and Schuster.1986:71.<\/p>\n

[13]Russell Thomas.The Search for a Common Learning:General Education,1800-1960.McGraw-Hill Book Company,Inc.1962:28.<\/p>\n

[14]\u6731\u56fd\u5b8f.\u54c8\u4f5b\u5e1d\u56fd[M].\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\uff1a250.<\/p>\n

[15]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea.\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u8bba\u8457\u9009\u2014\u2014\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684[M].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1996\uff1a121.<\/p>\n

[16][30](\u82f1)\u963f\u4ec0\u6bd4.\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u8fbe\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2[M].\u6ed5\u5927\u6625\uff0c\u6ed5\u5927\u751f\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1983\uff1a9.<\/p>\n

[17][18](\u82f1)\u6258\u00b7\u4ea8\u00b7\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece.\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2[M].\u5355\u4e2d\u60e0\u7b49\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1990\uff1a164\uff0c59.<\/p>\n

[19](\u82f1)\u6000\u7279\u6d77.\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684[M].\u5f90\u6c5d\u821f\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2002\uff1a85.<\/p>\n

[20]\u6839\u636ehttp:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/admissions\/undergraduate_courses\/courses\/index.html\u6574\u7406.<\/p>\n

[21]\u6613\u7ea2\u90e1.\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u53ca\u8def\u5f84[J].\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5(\u6559\u80b2\u79d1\u5b66\u7248)\uff0c2012\uff0c(12)\uff1a89-95.<\/p>\n

[22]Ann Hodgson and Ken Spours.”Rethinking General Education in English Upper Secondary System”,London Review of Education,vol.9.no.2(2011).p.206.<\/p>\n

[23]\u4f55\u6885.\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d70\u5411[D].\u91cd\u5e86\uff1a\u897f\u5357\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c2005\uff1a9.<\/p>\n

[24]L.Huber.”From General Education to Interdisciplinary Studies”,Higher Education Policy,2002(15).p.5-13.<\/p>\n

[26]\u738b\u8fce\u5170.\u8bba\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8[J].\u4e2d\u5171\u5c71\u897f\u7701\u59d4\u515a\u6821\u5b66\u62a5\uff0c2006\uff0c(02)\uff1a77-79.<\/p>\n

[27](\u7f8e)\u7f57\u00b7\u5965\u65af\u5361\u00b7\u514b\u5229\u65af\u7279\u52d2.\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u516b\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6[M].\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bd1\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1987\uff1a3-4.<\/p>\n

[28]\u5b59\u534e.\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u5386\u7a0b[J].\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c2009\uff0c(3)\uff1a58-62.<\/p>\n

[29](\u7f8e)\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7S.\u5e03\u9c81\u8d1d\u514b.\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66[M].\u738b\u627f\u7eea\u7b49\u8bd1.\u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\uff1a76.<\/p>\n

[31]\u82d7\u529b\u7530.\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5168\u96c6\u53778[M].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1992\uff1a228.<\/p>\n

[32]\u5b59\u534e.\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b[J].\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u672f\u6708\u520a\uff0c2009\uff0c(5)\uff1a38-42.<\/p>\n

[33]\u5b89\u840d.\u8bba\u9ad8\u6821\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u5b9e\u65bd[J].\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u672f\u6708\u520a\uff0c2008\uff0c(5)\uff1a54-56.<\/p>\n

[34]\u5b59\u534e.\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u76841000\u5e74\u5206\u91ce[J].\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c2012\uff0c(6)\uff1a49-57.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12620,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5549","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-educationallaw"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5549","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5549"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5549\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12131"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/start.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}