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Aufl., 1974, S. 507.\u3000\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u9648\u7231\u5a25\uff1a\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u4e00\u4ee5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4fdd\u969c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u68c0\u8ba8\u8d77\u884d\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u674e\u5efa\u826f\u7b49\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u52a1\u300b\u7b2c2\u8f91\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\u4e2d\u7814\u62402001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c238\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2463\u00a0\u300a\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u6709\u5173\u5bb6\u5ead\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u4fdd\u969c\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6bcd\u6027\u201d\uff08\u7b2c119\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u201c\u975e\u5a5a\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u89c6\u540c\u5a5a\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u4e88\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u201d\uff08\u7b2c121\u6761\uff09\u3002\u00a0\u5173\u4e8e\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u8d39\u5168\u514d\u201d\uff08\u7b2c145\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u00a0\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8d44\u52a9\u4e2d\u4e0b\u6536\u5165\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u5c31\u8bfb\u4e2d\u7b49\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u201d\uff08\u7b2c146\u6761\uff09\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u969c\u6743\uff08\u751f\u5b58\u6743\uff09\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u5e94\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\uff08\u7b2c151\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u00a0\u5173\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u6743\u548c\u4f4f\u5b85\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4e00\u6761\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u90fd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\uff08\u7b2c115\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u5173\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u5e94\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u52b3\u52a8\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u8ba1\u3002\u65e0\u76f8\u5f53\u52b3\u52a8\u673a\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5fc5\u9700\u751f\u6d3b\u5e94\u7b79\u5212\u8fbe\u5230\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\uff08\u7b2c163\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2464\u00a0\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u804c\u4e1a\u9009\u62e9\u6743\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u8425\u4e1a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5408\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6297\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u6743\uff0c\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2465\u00a0\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u95ee\u9898\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2466\u00a0\u65e5\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\uff1a\u4ee5\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6743\uff08\u7b2c25\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff08\u7b2c26\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6743\uff08\u7b2c27\u6761\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u5de5\u57fa\u672c\u6743\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u6743\u3001\u56e2\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u6743\u548c\u4e89\u8bae\u6743\uff0c\u5408\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u4e09\u6743\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2467\u00a0\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1M. Sullivan\uff08\u8428\u5229\u6e29\uff09\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u300b\uff0c\u53e4\u5141\u6587\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u6842\u51a0\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f81989\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c68\u201471\u9875\uff1b\u8bb8\u5e86\u96c4\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5165\u95e8\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c19\u9875\uff1b\u9648\u65b0\u6c11\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c691\u9875\uff1b\u674e\u5b5f\u878d\uff1a\u300a\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u53ca\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u51b2\u7a81\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u8bba\u4e1b\u2014\u2014\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6768\u65e5\u7136\u6559\u6388\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u6708\u65e6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f81997\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2468\u00a0\u683c 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\u8fdb\u884c\u60e9\u7f5a\u662f\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2469\u00a0\u5982\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c25\u6761\u7b2c1\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u6c11\u5747\u4eab\u6709\u7ef4\u6301\u5065\u5eb7\u4e14\u6587\u5316\u6027\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u201d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u7b2c25\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u6743\u4eab\u53d7\u4e3a\u7ef4\u6301\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u5bb6\u5c5e\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u798f\u5229\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u51c6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(11) \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u501f\u7528\u4e86Jack Donnelly\u7684\u8bdd\u3002Donnelly\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8de8\u8d8a\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6b8a\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6027\u610f\u6db5\u3002\u201dSee Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Ithaca: Cornell University Press(1989), pp1\u20142. \u5728Donnelly\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u540c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u666e\u904d\u4eba\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\u65e0\u7591\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(12) 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\u4e00 \u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ecb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u6d41\u4e8e\u53e3\u60e0\u800c\u5b9e\u4e0d\u81f3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d2c\u4f4e\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229 \u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u79ef\u6781\u5e72\u9884\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u614e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u53f8\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u80cc\u79bb\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u53f8\u6cd5 \u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(22) Bockenforde\/Jekewitz\/Ramm, Soziale Grundrechte, von der burgerlichen zur sozialen Rechtsordnung, 1981, S. 30\u201431. \u4e5f\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u674e\u5b5f\u878d\uff1a\u300a\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u53ca\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u51b2\u7a81\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u8bba\u4e1b\u2014\u2014\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6768\u65e5\u7136\u6559\u6388\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u6708\u65e6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f81997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c245\u9875\u3002\u00a0\u4e5f\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u9648\u65b0\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c701\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(23) \u8fd9 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\u9648\u65b0\u6c11\uff0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u4e0b\u518c\uff09[M].\u6d4e\u5357\uff1a\u5c71\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001.<\/p>\n<p>[2] \uff3b\u65e5\uff3d\u5927\u987b\u8d27\u660e\uff0e\u751f\u5b58\u6743\u8bba[M].\u6797\u6d69\uff0e\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Marshall, T. H. \u2018Citizenship and\u3000Social\u3000Class \u2019, in\u3000T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development. Essays by T. H. Marshall. New York: Anchor Books (1965).<\/p>\n<p>[4] Jellinek, Georg., Allgemeine Staatslehre. Berlin: O. H? ring(1892).<\/p>\n<p>[5] Henry Shue, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U. S Foreign Policy, Princeton: Princeton University Press (1980).<\/p>\n<p>[6] Marshall, T. M. Class, Citizenship, and Social Development, Garden City, NY: Anchor. 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